慶英会 塾長｜慶應義塾大学卒・英検1級
中高一貫校の学校英語・NEW TREASURE・英検対策を専門とするオンライン個別指導塾です。塾長紹介
英検1級語彙・慶英会オリジナル第38セット。証拠・制度・危険の表現で意味の強さが異なる上級形容詞を中心に、短文空所22問・同義文12問・短文読解8問、合計42問・168択を無料公開します。untenable / tenuous / unequivocal / contingent / arbitrary / commensurate / irrevocable などの使い分けを、全文和訳と解説で定着させます。
英検1級の公式Reading短文語句空所は22問です（公式試験内容）。本記事はこの22問に独自の補強20問を加えた非公式教材であり、公式過去問を転載していません。
続きの無料教材：語彙第39セット｜上級動詞42問と全168択。初見で解いた後、解答根拠・誤答理由まで復習してください。
形容詞の意味だけでなく確実性を読む
- plausible（あり得そう）と unequivocal（疑いなく明快）は証拠の確定度が違う。
- provisional（暫定）と irrevocable（取消不能）は決定段階が異なる。
- tenuous（根拠が薄い）と untenable（論理的に維持できない）は評価の厳しさが違う。
- commensurate with は釣り合い・比例性、contingent on は条件依存を表す。
第1部｜上級形容詞22問
Q1
The regulator rejected the report’s _____ assumption that every applicant had reliable internet access.
- A. untenable
- B. unfaltering
- C. impeccable
- D. equitable
Q2
Researchers considered the apparent connection _____ because the two variables had been measured in different populations.
- A. conclusive
- B. tenuous
- C. immutable
- D. exhaustive
Q3
The director’s answer was _____: the archive would not publish identifiable recordings without consent.
- A. tentative
- B. ambivalent
- C. unequivocal
- D. peripheral
Q4
Because the safety assessment had not finished, the opening date remained _____.
- A. immutable
- B. binding
- C. irrevocable
- D. provisional
Q5
The proposed fees were criticized as _____ because they had no clear relationship to the cost of providing the service.
- A. arbitrary
- B. proportionate
- C. transparent
- D. consistent
Q6
The new funding is _____ on the recipient completing an independent safety audit.
- A. pervasive
- B. contingent
- C. unilateral
- D. inherent
Q7
The effects of the software error were _____, appearing in reports from several unrelated departments.
- A. negligible
- B. isolated
- C. pervasive
- D. transient
Q8
The complaints were _____ rather than continuous, with months passing between incidents.
- A. systematic
- B. persistent
- C. universal
- D. sporadic
Q9
The committee removed _____ steps from the application procedure because the same information was being entered twice.
- A. redundant
- B. indispensable
- C. salient
- D. mandatory
Q10
After the sensor alarm, engineers warned of an _____ risk of flooding and asked officials to close the underpass immediately.
- A. hypothetical
- B. imminent
- C. remote
- D. retrospective
Q11
The signed settlement was described as _____ once the final review period had expired.
- A. tentative
- B. reversible
- C. irrevocable
- D. conditional
Q12
The grant helped a _____ research group develop its first field study.
- A. obsolete
- B. entrenched
- C. mature
- D. nascent
Q13
A policy that excludes people without smartphones could have _____ effects on accessibility.
- A. detrimental
- B. beneficial
- C. negligible
- D. favorable
Q14
The proposal proved _____ because residents disagreed sharply over its long-term costs.
- A. unanimous
- B. contentious
- C. uneventful
- D. routine
Q15
The explanation sounded _____, but investigators could not verify it against the original records.
- A. definitive
- B. incoherent
- C. plausible
- D. irrelevant
Q16
An _____ measurement far outside the expected range prompted the team to inspect its equipment.
- A. uniform
- B. typical
- C. ordinary
- D. anomalous
Q17
The staffing plan should provide resources _____ with the responsibilities assigned to each clinic.
- A. commensurate
- B. incompatible
- C. unrelated
- D. disproportionate
Q18
The two institutions entered a _____ arrangement under which each would share selected equipment.
- A. unilateral
- B. reciprocal
- C. irreversible
- D. proprietary
Q19
Compared with the total budget, the accounting difference was _____ and unlikely to affect the decision.
- A. substantial
- B. onerous
- C. negligible
- D. pervasive
Q20
The emergency generator was _____ because the hospital could not maintain essential services without it.
- A. optional
- B. redundant
- C. peripheral
- D. indispensable
Q21
The investigators wanted a _____ review covering all reported failures rather than a few selected cases.
- A. comprehensive
- B. superficial
- C. selective
- D. sporadic
Q22
The committee treated the photographs as _____ evidence because their dates had not been independently confirmed.
- A. conclusive
- B. tentative
- C. unequivocal
- D. immutable
第2部｜英文の意味を変えない言い換え12問
Q23
The results are provisional.
- A. They are permanently fixed.
- B. They were independently replicated.
- C. They are subject to further confirmation or revision.
- D. They prove the hypothesis without doubt.
Q24
The relationship is tenuous.
- A. The evidence supporting the connection is weak.
- B. The link has been fully established.
- C. The variables have no possible relevance.
- D. All underlying records were destroyed.
Q25
The rule is contingent on approval.
- A. Approval is unnecessary.
- B. The rule was repealed years ago.
- C. The rule applies to all cases without exception.
- D. Implementation depends on receiving approval.
Q26
The adjustment would be detrimental.
- A. It would be entirely beneficial.
- B. It could cause harm or disadvantage.
- C. It would have no consequences.
- D. It was already legally prohibited.
Q27
The system contains redundant checks.
- A. Every check is indispensable.
- B. No checks were performed.
- C. Some repeated checks add no necessary function.
- D. The system has no documented procedures.
Q28
The risk is imminent.
- A. The danger could occur very soon.
- B. The danger occurred many years ago.
- C. The risk is entirely hypothetical and remote.
- D. The risk has already been eliminated.
Q29
The decision was arbitrary.
- A. It followed transparent criteria.
- B. It was required by statute.
- C. It had been accepted unanimously.
- D. It lacked a reasonable, consistent basis.
Q30
The proposal is contentious.
- A. It was accepted without any disagreement.
- B. It has generated significant debate or opposition.
- C. It has no practical consequences.
- D. It cannot be discussed publicly.
Q31
The estimate is plausible, but unverified.
- A. It is certain beyond question.
- B. It is known to be false.
- C. It could be reasonable, though confirmation is lacking.
- D. It has no relationship to available evidence.
Q32
Resources should be commensurate with the task.
- A. The support provided should match the scale of responsibilities.
- B. The resources must be identical at every site.
- C. No budget is required.
- D. Every task should receive the maximum amount available.
Q33
The rule is irrevocable.
- A. It may be modified at any moment.
- B. It was never adopted.
- C. It applies only during a trial.
- D. It cannot be withdrawn after the stated condition.
Q34
The agreement is reciprocal.
- A. Only one party has obligations.
- B. The parties provide corresponding benefits or commitments to each other.
- C. No cooperation is involved.
- D. Every participant receives an identical payment.
第3部｜独自ミニ長文4篇・8問
ミニ長文1
A fictional hospital adopted a shared digital scheduling system. Appointments were transferred more easily across clinics, but one outage later disrupted all branches at the same time. Managers proposed testing independent backups while retaining the benefits of shared records. The report described standardization as useful, not as a guarantee of uninterrupted service.
Q35
Which weakness did the outage reveal?
- A. All clinics had unrelated systems.
- B. The platform had never worked.
- C. Shared systems can create common failure points.
- D. No scheduling data had been recorded.
Q36
What response did managers favor?
- A. Test backups while keeping useful shared functions.
- B. Ban all scheduling systems.
- C. Ignore the outage.
- D. Assume the problem cannot recur.
ミニ長文2
A historical archive published an online map of donated photographs. The project became popular, but some dates were later found to come from envelopes showing when photographs were printed rather than taken. Curators kept the originals, corrected the catalogue and displayed a history of revisions so researchers could distinguish measured details from interpretations.
Q37
What caused the dating problem?
- A. The archive had no pictures.
- B. All dates were intentionally falsified.
- C. The map was unavailable to the public.
- D. Printing dates were confused with the original dates of photographs.
Q38
Why retain a correction history?
- A. To prevent independent review.
- B. To allow readers to trace revisions and judge reliability.
- C. To guarantee that mistakes never occur.
- D. To replace every photograph with text.
ミニ長文3
A school district purchased lower-priced refurbished computers. Teachers reported that the additional devices were useful, but some had limited battery life or lacked support for specialized software. Officials decided to evaluate repair costs and classroom interruptions over two terms rather than select equipment solely by the initial purchase price.
Q39
Which issue complicates the apparent savings?
- A. All devices were brand new.
- B. The program was canceled before delivery.
- C. Repairs and incompatibility may raise total costs.
- D. Every school uses identical software.
Q40
What evaluation will officials perform?
- A. Compare long-term reliability and students’ actual use.
- B. Count purchase invoices only.
- C. Assume refurbished equipment is always superior.
- D. Prohibit any future upgrades.
ミニ長文4
A coastal wildlife group reported more sea turtle sightings near a restored beach. The number of volunteers and hours spent observing had also increased. Researchers proposed comparing standardized observations and nesting outcomes before claiming that the population had recovered. They welcomed public participation while warning against overinterpreting raw sighting counts.
Q41
Why is a recovery claim premature?
- A. No turtle had been seen.
- B. All observations were taken under identical conditions.
- C. All nesting outcomes were recorded.
- D. More observations may reflect greater search effort rather than population change.
Q42
What additional evidence would help?
- A. More promotional posters.
- B. Standardized monitoring and information about nesting success.
- C. Only volunteer membership totals.
- D. A promise of guaranteed recovery.
全42問の解答・全88語義と文脈解説
短文22問｜全文和訳と4択の意味
Q1：A untenable。全訳：すべての応募者にネット環境があるという前提は支持できない。理由：untenable assumptionは根拠上維持できない前提。4択：A untenable＝維持できない・正当化できない／B unfaltering＝揺るぎない／C impeccable＝非の打ち所のない／D equitable＝公平な
Q2：B tenuous。全訳：異なる集団で測定した二変数の見かけの関連は根拠が弱いと判断された。理由：tenuous connectionは弱い関連。4択：A conclusive＝決定的な／B tenuous＝根拠が薄い／C immutable＝不変の／D exhaustive＝網羅的な
Q3：C unequivocal。全訳：責任者の答えは明快で、同意なしの公開はしないというものだった。理由：unequivocal＝曖昧さのない明確な。4択：A tentative＝暫定的な／B ambivalent＝相反する気持ちを持つ／C unequivocal＝明確で疑義のない／D peripheral＝周辺的な
Q4：D provisional。全訳：安全審査が未完了なので開館日は暫定だった。理由：provisional＝正式決定前の暫定。4択：A immutable＝変更不能な／B binding＝法的拘束力のある／C irrevocable＝取消不能の／D provisional＝暫定的な
Q5：A arbitrary。全訳：料金はサービス費用との合理的関係がなく恣意的だと批判された。理由：arbitrary feesは根拠を欠く料金設定。4択：A arbitrary＝恣意的な／B proportionate＝釣り合いのとれた／C transparent＝透明な／D consistent＝一貫した
Q6：B contingent。全訳：新規資金は独立した安全監査を終えることを条件とする。理由：be contingent on＋名詞＝〜を条件とする。4択：A pervasive＝広範に及ぶ／B contingent＝条件次第の／C unilateral＝一方的な／D inherent＝本質的な
Q7：C pervasive。全訳：ソフトの誤りは複数の無関係な部署の報告書にも広がっていた。理由：pervasive effectsは広範囲に影響する。4択：A negligible＝無視できるほど小さい／B isolated＝孤立した／C pervasive＝広く浸透した・蔓延した／D transient＝一時的な
Q8：D sporadic。全訳：苦情は継続的ではなく数か月間隔で散発的に発生した。理由：sporadic＝不定期で散発的。4択：A systematic＝体系的な／B persistent＝持続的な／C universal＝普遍的な／D sporadic＝散発的な
Q9：A redundant。全訳：同じ情報の二重入力になる不必要な手順を委員会は削除した。理由：redundant stepsは不要な重複。4択：A redundant＝重複して不要な／B indispensable＝不可欠な／C salient＝際立って重要な／D mandatory＝義務的な
Q10：B imminent。全訳：センサー警告後、洪水が差し迫っていると警告し地下道の即時閉鎖を求めた。理由：imminent riskは差し迫る危険。4択：A hypothetical＝仮説上の／B imminent＝差し迫った／C remote＝起こる可能性が低い／D retrospective＝回顧的な
Q11：C irrevocable。全訳：最終審査期間の終了後、署名済みの和解は撤回不能とされた。理由：irrevocable＝撤回できない。4択：A tentative＝暫定的な／B reversible＝元へ戻せる／C irrevocable＝取消不能な／D conditional＝条件付きの
Q12：D nascent。全訳：助成金は新興研究グループの最初の現地研究を支援した。理由：nascent＝発生・発展初期。4択：A obsolete＝時代遅れの／B entrenched＝根強く定着した／C mature＝成熟した／D nascent＝生まれたばかりの
Q13：A detrimental。全訳：スマホがない人を排除する政策はアクセシビリティに悪影響を及ぼす。理由：detrimental to＝〜に害になる。4択：A detrimental＝有害な／B beneficial＝有益な／C negligible＝取るに足らない／D favorable＝好ましい
Q14：B contentious。全訳：長期費用を巡って住民の意見が鋭く対立し、提案は論争的だった。理由：contentious＝意見対立を引き起こす。4択：A unanimous＝全員一致の／B contentious＝論争を呼ぶ／C uneventful＝何事もない／D routine＝日常的な
Q15：C plausible。全訳：説明はもっともらしかったが原資料で検証できなかった。理由：plausibleはあり得そうだが証明済みではない。4択：A definitive＝決定的な／B incoherent＝支離滅裂な／C plausible＝もっともらしい／D irrelevant＝無関係な
Q16：D anomalous。全訳：予想範囲から大きく外れた測定値で機器点検が必要になった。理由：anomalous measurementは異例な測定値。4択：A uniform＝一様な／B typical＝典型的な／C ordinary＝普通の／D anomalous＝異常な
Q17：A commensurate。全訳：人員計画は各診療所の責務に見合う資源を確保すべきだ。理由：commensurate with＝〜に見合った。4択：A commensurate＝釣り合った／B incompatible＝両立しない／C unrelated＝無関係の／D disproportionate＝不釣り合いな
Q18：B reciprocal。全訳：両機関が機器を共有する相互的な協定を結んだ。理由：reciprocal arrangement＝相互協力関係。4択：A unilateral＝一方的な／B reciprocal＝相互的な／C irreversible＝元に戻せない／D proprietary＝独占所有の
Q19：C negligible。全訳：総予算に比べ差額は小さく意思決定へほぼ影響しなかった。理由：negligible＝実質的に小さい。4択：A substantial＝相当な／B onerous＝負担の重い／C negligible＝無視できる程度の／D pervasive＝広く及ぶ
Q20：D indispensable。全訳：病院の基本業務維持に非常用発電機が不可欠だった。理由：indispensable to/for＝必要不可欠。4択：A optional＝任意の／B redundant＝重複で不要な／C peripheral＝周辺的な／D indispensable＝不可欠な
Q21：A comprehensive。全訳：特定例だけでなく全失敗報告を含む包括的審査を求めた。理由：comprehensive review＝広く網羅する審査。4択：A comprehensive＝包括的な／B superficial＝表面的な／C selective＝選択的な／D sporadic＝散発的な
Q22：B tentative。全訳：独立した年代確認前なので写真は暫定的な証拠とされた。理由：tentative evidenceは確定前の証拠。4択：A conclusive＝決定的な／B tentative＝暫定的な／C unequivocal＝明白な／D immutable＝不変の
言い換え12問｜言い過ぎを防ぐ
Q23：C They are subject to further confirmation or revision.。理由：暫定結果で今後の修正余地がある。 他の選択肢は原文の条件を消す、断定度を強める、意味を反転する等の問題があります。
Q24：A The evidence supporting the connection is weak.。理由：tenuous＝根拠が弱い。 他の選択肢は原文の条件を消す、断定度を強める、意味を反転する等の問題があります。
Q25：D Implementation depends on receiving approval.。理由：条件が満たされるまで実施が確定しない。 他の選択肢は原文の条件を消す、断定度を強める、意味を反転する等の問題があります。
Q26：B It could cause harm or disadvantage.。理由：detrimental＝不利益・害をもたらす。 他の選択肢は原文の条件を消す、断定度を強める、意味を反転する等の問題があります。
Q27：C Some repeated checks add no necessary function.。理由：redundancyは文脈によって安全の予備系にもなるがここでは不要な重複。 他の選択肢は原文の条件を消す、断定度を強める、意味を反転する等の問題があります。
Q28：A The danger could occur very soon.。理由：imminentは差し迫る。 他の選択肢は原文の条件を消す、断定度を強める、意味を反転する等の問題があります。
Q29：D It lacked a reasonable, consistent basis.。理由：恣意的とは合理的な基準に基づかないこと。 他の選択肢は原文の条件を消す、断定度を強める、意味を反転する等の問題があります。
Q30：B It has generated significant debate or opposition.。理由：contentiousは論争を招く。 他の選択肢は原文の条件を消す、断定度を強める、意味を反転する等の問題があります。
Q31：C It could be reasonable, though confirmation is lacking.。理由：もっともらしくても未確認。 他の選択肢は原文の条件を消す、断定度を強める、意味を反転する等の問題があります。
Q32：A The support provided should match the scale of responsibilities.。理由：規模に釣り合うこと。 他の選択肢は原文の条件を消す、断定度を強める、意味を反転する等の問題があります。
Q33：D It cannot be withdrawn after the stated condition.。理由：変更できない状態。 他の選択肢は原文の条件を消す、断定度を強める、意味を反転する等の問題があります。
Q34：B The parties provide corresponding benefits or commitments to each other.。理由：双方の相互義務を示す。 他の選択肢は原文の条件を消す、断定度を強める、意味を反転する等の問題があります。
ミニ長文8問｜本文根拠
Q35：C Shared systems can create common failure points.。根拠：単一障害点が全拠点に波及。
Q36：A Test backups while keeping useful shared functions.。根拠：標準化を維持して冗長性を試す。
Q37：D Printing dates were confused with the original dates of photographs.。根拠：印刷日と撮影日が混同された。
Q38：B To allow readers to trace revisions and judge reliability.。根拠：訂正の透明性が信頼性を支える。
Q39：C Repairs and incompatibility may raise total costs.。根拠：初期価格と総保有費用が異なる。
Q40：A Compare long-term reliability and students’ actual use.。根拠：稼働と学習機会を含む総費用評価。
Q41：D More observations may reflect greater search effort rather than population change.。根拠：観測努力量が交絡。
Q42：B Standardized monitoring and information about nesting success.。根拠：比較可能な観測と繁殖成功。
覚え直すときの判断順序
- その語が『明確さ』『確実性』『期限』『負担』のどの軸を表すか分類する。
- 語だけでなく be contingent on / be commensurate with / prove contentious などの連語を音読する。
- まぎらわしい2語を自分の英文で比較し、翌日に空欄をもう一度解く。
FAQ
plausibleとconclusiveは同義ですか？
同義ではありません。plausibleはもっともらしい、conclusiveは結論を確定するほど決定的な意味です。
前置詞も覚えた方がよいですか？
はい。contingent on、commensurate with、detrimental toなどは後続する形までまとめて覚えます。
42問は公式の試験問題ですか？
いいえ。慶英会の独自演習で、英検協会の公式問題ではありません。
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慶英会 塾長｜慶應義塾大学卒・英検1級。中高一貫校の学校英語・NEW TREASURE・英検対策を専門としています。塾長の経歴・指導方針を確認する