
慶英会 塾長|慶應義塾大学卒・英検1級
中高一貫校の学校英語・NEW TREASURE・英検対策を専門とするオンライン個別指導塾です。塾長紹介
結論:英検1級の語彙問題では、上級動詞の「日本語の意味」だけでなく、どの名詞を目的語に取るか、どの程度強い判断を表すかを読む必要があります。慶英会の第31セットは、defuse tensions、vindicate an account、forestall disputes、undermine credibilityなどの独自4択22問(全88択)、英文言い換え12問、オリジナル評論2篇の内容一致8問を、全解答・和訳・根拠付きで無料公開します。
英検1級Readingの短文語句空所補充は公式では22問です(英検協会|1級試験内容)。この教材の言い換え・長文は、意味の区別を定着させるための独自追加演習であり、英検公式過去問や実際の出題数を示すものではありません。
複合形容詞・政策評価をさらに練習:語彙第32セット|22問・88択、言い換え12問・長文8問。動詞の用法と合わせてcost-effective、risk-basedなどを文脈で理解できます。
上級動詞を覚えるときの4つの対比
- defuse / exacerbate:緊張を緩和する・問題を悪化させる。
- vindicate / exonerate:説明の正しさを立証する・人物の嫌疑を晴らす。
- avert / forestall:害や出来事の発生を防ぐ・相手の行動や争いに先手を打つ。
- repudiate / rescind:主張を断固拒絶する・許可や決定を正式に撤回する。
第1部|英検1級の上級動詞4択22問
Q1. The chair tried to (____) tensions by acknowledging both sides’ concerns before the negotiation resumed.
- A. defuse
- B. exacerbate
- C. circumvent
- D. embellish
Q2. A newly discovered letter helped (____) the scholar’s disputed account of the expedition.
- A. obviate
- B. vindicate
- C. preclude
- D. curtail
Q3. The proposed environmental agreement was designed to (____) future disputes over the shared river.
- A. repudiate
- B. misconstrue
- C. forestall
- D. disavow
Q4. The witness’s contradictory testimony threatened to (____) the committee’s conclusions.
- A. bolster
- B. expedite
- C. galvanize
- D. undermine
Q5. The minister sought to (____) a constructive debate about how the scheme should be funded.
- A. broach
- B. repudiate
- C. exonerate
- D. obviate
Q6. Newly released records appeared to (____) the official who had been wrongly accused of altering the data.
- A. hamper
- B. exonerate
- C. embellish
- D. misconstrue
Q7. The review warned that selective reporting could (____) the apparent benefits of the policy.
- A. curtail
- B. disavow
- C. inflate
- D. expedite
Q8. The advisory body refused to (____) the use of fabricated survey figures in the final report.
- A. reconcile
- B. mollify
- C. marshal
- D. condone
Q9. A new verification step may (____) the need for repeated manual checks on routine applications.
- A. obviate
- B. precipitate
- C. exacerbate
- D. galvanize
Q10. Before making a formal complaint, the journalist tried to (____) how the figures had been calculated.
- A. repudiate
- B. ascertain
- C. belittle
- D. misconstrue
Q11. The charity hoped that clear examples would (____) support for its literacy project.
- A. hamper
- B. disavow
- C. galvanize
- D. curtail
Q12. The board moved to (____) its earlier approval after inspectors documented serious safety failures.
- A. broach
- B. exonerate
- C. embellish
- D. rescind
Q13. The researcher tried to (____) the implications of a dramatic but unrepresentative survey.
- A. temper
- B. inflate
- C. disavow
- D. forestall
Q14. The project leaders had to (____) several different funding priorities during the budget meeting.
- A. exonerate
- B. reconcile
- C. repudiate
- D. obviate
Q15. Officials refused to (____) the negative results simply because they were inconvenient.
- A. bolster
- B. expedite
- C. suppress
- D. broach
Q16. The council promised to (____) applications by reducing unnecessary paperwork, without relaxing safety checks.
- A. mollify
- B. embellish
- C. forestall
- D. expedite
Q17. The investigator carefully (____) the documents to build a coherent account of the incident.
- A. marshaled
- B. disavowed
- C. repudiated
- D. mollified
Q18. One poorly interpreted figure could (____) a misleading public controversy if issued without context.
- A. obviate
- B. precipitate
- C. exonerate
- D. reconcile
Q19. The organization formally (____) the misleading claims that a former contractor had made on its behalf.
- A. galvanized
- B. inflated
- C. repudiated
- D. expedited
Q20. A policy that ignored the needs of remote residents could (____) existing inequalities.
- A. defuse
- B. ascertain
- C. exonerate
- D. entrench
Q21. Clear and carefully reviewed translations can (____) misunderstandings about eligibility rules.
- A. avert
- B. embellish
- C. misconstrue
- D. belittle
Q22. If evaluators (____) preliminary findings as proof, they may recommend an unsound permanent policy.
- A. marshal
- B. misconstrue
- C. vindicate
- D. obviate
全22問の正解・88択の和訳・誤答理由
Q1 正答 A:defuse。 defuse tensions=緊張を緩和。acknowledging concernsが手掛かり。 全選択肢:A. defuse=緊張を和らげる / B. exacerbate=悪化させる / C. circumvent=回避する / D. embellish=飾り立てる
Q2 正答 B:vindicate。 vindicate an account=異議のある説明を証拠で正しいと示す。 全選択肢:A. obviate=不要にする / B. vindicate=正しさを立証する・汚名を晴らす / C. preclude=妨げる / D. curtail=減らす
Q3 正答 C:forestall。 forestall future disputes=発生を未然に防ぐ。 全選択肢:A. repudiate=拒絶する / B. misconstrue=誤解する / C. forestall=先手を打って防ぐ / D. disavow=関与を否定する
Q4 正答 D:undermine。 contradictory testimony undermines conclusions。 全選択肢:A. bolster=補強する / B. expedite=迅速化する / C. galvanize=奮い立たせる / D. undermine=根拠を弱める
Q5 正答 A:broach。 broach a debate/subject=話題を切り出す。 全選択肢:A. broach=話題を切り出す / B. repudiate=拒絶する / C. exonerate=嫌疑を晴らす / D. obviate=不要にする
Q6 正答 B:exonerate。 wrongly accused + records → exonerate。 全選択肢:A. hamper=妨げる / B. exonerate=嫌疑を晴らす / C. embellish=粉飾する / D. misconstrue=誤解する
Q7 正答 C:inflate。 inflate benefits=便益を誇張する。 全選択肢:A. curtail=減らす / B. disavow=関与を否定する / C. inflate=実際より大きく見せる / D. expedite=迅速化する
Q8 正答 D:condone。 refuse to condone fabrication=捏造を許さない。 全選択肢:A. reconcile=整合する / B. mollify=なだめる / C. marshal=整理して集める / D. condone=容認する
Q9 正答 A:obviate。 obviate the need for=必要性をなくす。 全選択肢:A. obviate=不要にする / B. precipitate=引き起こす / C. exacerbate=悪化させる / D. galvanize=奮起させる
Q10 正答 B:ascertain。 ascertain how figures calculated=計算方法を確認する。 全選択肢:A. repudiate=拒絶する / B. ascertain=突き止める / C. belittle=軽んじる / D. misconstrue=誤解する
Q11 正答 C:galvanize。 galvanize support=支持者を動員。 全選択肢:A. hamper=妨害する / B. disavow=関係を否定する / C. galvanize=行動・支持を奮い立たせる / D. curtail=縮小する
Q12 正答 D:rescind。 rescind approval=正式な承認を取り消す。 全選択肢:A. broach=切り出す / B. exonerate=嫌疑を晴らす / C. embellish=粉飾する / D. rescind=正式に取り消す
Q13 正答 A:temper。 temper conclusions/implications=結論の強さを控えめにする。 全選択肢:A. temper=行き過ぎを抑える・和らげる / B. inflate=誇張する / C. disavow=関与を否定する / D. forestall=未然に防ぐ
Q14 正答 B:reconcile。 reconcile priorities=競合する優先事項を調整。 全選択肢:A. exonerate=嫌疑を晴らす / B. reconcile=相違を調整する / C. repudiate=拒絶する / D. obviate=不要にする
Q15 正答 C:suppress。 suppress results=都合の悪い研究結果を隠す。 全選択肢:A. bolster=強化する / B. expedite=迅速化する / C. suppress=隠す・抑え込む / D. broach=話題にする
Q16 正答 D:expedite。 expedite applications=審査手続きを迅速に進める。 全選択肢:A. mollify=なだめる / B. embellish=誇張する / C. forestall=未然に防ぐ / D. expedite=手続きを迅速化する
Q17 正答 A:marshaled。 marshal evidence=証拠を整理して提示する。 全選択肢:A. marshaled=根拠を整理して集めた / B. disavowed=関与を否定した / C. repudiated=拒絶した / D. mollified=なだめた
Q18 正答 B:precipitate。 precipitate controversy=論争を誘発する。 全選択肢:A. obviate=不要にする / B. precipitate=急に引き起こす / C. exonerate=嫌疑を晴らす / D. reconcile=整合する
Q19 正答 C:repudiated。 repudiate misleading claims=主張を正式に否定・拒絶。 全選択肢:A. galvanized=鼓舞した / B. inflated=膨らませた / C. repudiated=明確に拒絶した / D. expedited=迅速化した
Q20 正答 D:entrench。 entrench inequalities=不平等を根深くする。 全選択肢:A. defuse=緩和する / B. ascertain=確認する / C. exonerate=嫌疑を晴らす / D. entrench=固定化する
Q21 正答 A:avert。 avert misunderstandings=誤解を未然に防ぐ。 全選択肢:A. avert=未然に防ぐ / B. embellish=飾り立てる / C. misconstrue=誤解する / D. belittle=軽んじる
Q22 正答 B:misconstrue。 misconstrue X as Y=XをYだと誤解する。 全選択肢:A. marshal=整理する / B. misconstrue=誤解する・曲解する / C. vindicate=正当性を証明する / D. obviate=不要にする

慶英会 塾長|慶應義塾大学卒・英検1級
塾長の経歴・指導方針
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第2部|意味の変わらない英文言い換え12問
Q23 原文:The leader reduced tension between the two negotiating teams. 上記の動詞を使い、原文の意味を変えずに英文を書き換えてください。
Q24 原文:Independent evidence cleared the official of the accusation. 上記の動詞を使い、原文の意味を変えずに英文を書き換えてください。
Q25 原文:The rule prevented a dispute before it developed. 上記の動詞を使い、原文の意味を変えずに英文を書き換えてください。
Q26 原文:New evidence weakened the credibility of the original claim. 上記の動詞を使い、原文の意味を変えずに英文を書き換えてください。
Q27 原文:The committee introduced the issue of funding. 上記の動詞を使い、原文の意味を変えずに英文を書き換えてください。
Q28 原文:The review would make repeated manual checks unnecessary. 上記の動詞を使い、原文の意味を変えずに英文を書き換えてください。
Q29 原文:The report exaggerated the expected financial benefits. 上記の動詞を使い、原文の意味を変えずに英文を書き換えてください。
Q30 原文:The agency withdrew the permit formally. 上記の動詞を使い、原文の意味を変えずに英文を書き換えてください。
Q31 原文:The group encouraged residents to take action. 上記の動詞を使い、原文の意味を変えずに英文を書き換えてください。
Q32 原文:The researchers chose not to conceal the unsuccessful results. 上記の動詞を使い、原文の意味を変えずに英文を書き換えてください。
Q33 原文:The administrator processed the applications more quickly. 上記の動詞を使い、原文の意味を変えずに英文を書き換えてください。
Q34 原文:The investigator organized the evidence into a clear argument. 上記の動詞を使い、原文の意味を変えずに英文を書き換えてください。
言い換え12問の模範文と詳解
Q23 正答例:The leader defused tension between the two negotiating teams. 解説:defuse tension=緊張を緩和。
Q24 正答例:Independent evidence exonerated the official. 解説:exonerate=嫌疑・責任を晴らす。
Q25 正答例:The rule forestalled a dispute. 解説:forestall=未然に防ぐ。
Q26 正答例:New evidence undermined the credibility of the original claim. 解説:undermine credibility=信頼性を損なう。
Q27 正答例:The committee broached the issue of funding. 解説:broach an issue=議題に出す。
Q28 正答例:The review would obviate the need for repeated manual checks. 解説:obviate the need for=不要にする。
Q29 正答例:The report inflated the expected financial benefits. 解説:inflate expected benefits=過大にする。
Q30 正答例:The agency rescinded the permit. 解説:rescind=許可・決定を取り消す。
Q31 正答例:The group galvanized residents into action. 解説:galvanize A into action=行動を促す。
Q32 正答例:The researchers refused to suppress the unsuccessful results. 解説:suppress findings=隠す。
Q33 正答例:The administrator expedited the applications. 解説:expedite=迅速に進める。
Q34 正答例:The investigator marshaled the evidence into a clear argument. 解説:marshal evidence=証拠を集約・整理。
第3部|研究・公共政策の独自英文2篇・内容一致8問
長文1|公共研究の利益相反と研究報告書の独立性
Paragraph 1. The fictional Lakeside Science Foundation funded several research teams investigating materials used in public transport vehicles. The foundation also received donations from suppliers whose products were being tested. Its directors believed that cooperation with industry could support useful research, but external observers raised concerns that financial relationships might influence which results were published. In one project, a manufacturer asked researchers to delay releasing an unfavorable durability test until additional experiments were complete. The researchers wanted to verify the finding, but they also needed a clear procedure for deciding when further checks justified postponement.
Paragraph 2. An independent panel recommended that the foundation disclose relevant financial relationships and publish the main elements of each study’s design before data collection began. It did not demand that every early observation be announced immediately. Instead, it distinguished a reasonable verification process from suppressing results solely because they were inconvenient. The panel proposed dates for reporting progress and rules specifying who could request changes to a manuscript.
Paragraph 3. The foundation also examined how results were communicated. One press summary said a newly tested material was safer than an older alternative, although the study had measured only resistance to a particular form of wear. The panel warned that this difference did not establish the material’s overall safety in every operating condition. It urged researchers to temper claims and explain which safety questions remained open.
Paragraph 4. Staff were asked to retain the original datasets and a record of revisions so independent reviewers could trace changes in interpretation. Some information about individual research participants required privacy safeguards. The panel proposed controlled access to sensitive records while releasing appropriate summaries and methods. It argued that transparency could improve confidence without implying that unrestricted public access was always responsible.
Paragraph 5. The foundation ultimately adopted new disclosure and reporting rules and commissioned an evaluation of their practical effects. It did not conclude that industry cooperation was inherently dishonest, nor did it guarantee that conflicts of interest could be eliminated entirely. The revised policy was designed to make questionable influence easier to identify and to protect the independence of research judgments.
Q35. Why did the independent panel recommend publication rules?
- A. Financial relationships could affect which findings were disclosed, making clear safeguards necessary.
- B. Every industry-funded study had already been proven fraudulent.
- C. The foundation lacked any laboratories or researchers.
- D. No supplier had ever provided financial support.
Q36. What distinction did the panel make about delaying results?
- A. All results should be withheld forever.
- B. Verification may be reasonable, but suppressing inconvenient findings is not.
- C. Only the manufacturer should decide whether research is released.
- D. Public reporting should be abolished until commercial approval.
Q37. What was misleading about the statement that a new material was safer?
- A. The researchers had measured every possible risk.
- B. The material had never been subjected to testing.
- C. The study assessed one type of wear, not overall safety.
- D. The report was restricted to economic costs alone.
Q38. What did the foundation ultimately do?
- A. Reject all scientific cooperation with suppliers.
- B. Release all personal data without restrictions.
- C. Declare that conflicts of interest had been completely eliminated.
- D. Adopt disclosure procedures and evaluate their effectiveness.
全文の段落別日本語訳
第1段落:架空の研究財団は公共交通用素材を研究し、製品供給企業から寄付も受けていた。耐久試験の不利な結果の公開延期を企業が求め、合理的な追加検証と都合の悪い結果の隠蔽を区別する必要があった。
第2段落:独立委員会は財務関係の開示と試験設計の事前公表を勧告。ただし未検証の初期観測を即時公表させるのではなく、報告期限と修正権限のルールを作った。
第3段落:プレス要約は一種類の摩耗への強さを総合安全性と誤って表現した。委員会は結論の強さを限定し、未解明の安全上の問いを説明するよう求めた。
第4段落:元データと改訂履歴を残しつつ、個人情報は必要に応じて限定アクセスにした。透明性と無制限公開を混同しない。
第5段落:財団は開示・報告ルールとその効果評価を導入したが、企業との協力そのものを不正とは断定せず、利益相反を完全になくせるとも主張していない。
4問の解答・誤答の根拠
Q35 正答 A:Financial relationships could affect which findings were disclosed, making clear safeguards necessary.。 財務関係と公開判断の関係を透明にするため。
Q36 正答 B:Verification may be reasonable, but suppressing inconvenient findings is not.。 合理的な再検証と恣意的な隠蔽を区別。
Q37 正答 C:The study assessed one type of wear, not overall safety.。 個別の摩耗試験を総合的な安全性へ一般化。
Q38 正答 D:Adopt disclosure procedures and evaluate their effectiveness.。 新ルールと追加評価を採用。
長文2|都市の公共調達とAIによる不正検出
Paragraph 1. An imaginary metropolitan procurement office tested software that flagged unusual patterns in government purchasing records. The program was designed to identify transactions needing review, not to decide automatically whether a supplier had committed fraud. During a six-month pilot, the software generated many alerts, and administrators initially praised the number as evidence that the city had become better at preventing misconduct. Independent auditors warned that a large alert count did not reveal how many confirmed violations were found. Some alerts involved unusual but legitimate purchases made during emergency repairs.
Paragraph 2. The auditors recommended comparing flagged transactions with the results of human investigations and calculating how often the system raised concerns that were later dismissed. They also asked whether suppliers working in specialized fields were disproportionately flagged because their prices or delivery schedules differed from common contracts. Without those checks, the system might create additional burdens for businesses that had done nothing wrong.
Paragraph 3. Another issue was transparency. A contractor whose bid was delayed by a software alert needed a way to find out what information was being questioned and submit corrections. The office developed an appeal procedure with trained reviewers and made clear that no supplier would be penalized solely because an algorithm produced an alert. Sensitive security details could remain protected, but the criteria for fair review would be explained.
Paragraph 4. Some officials suggested replacing most manual audits immediately to reduce personnel costs. The independent team regarded this as premature. Human investigators were still needed to examine complex transactions, and the system itself required maintenance, data checks, and cybersecurity support. The cost of false alerts also had to be considered alongside potential savings from earlier detection.
Paragraph 5. The council continued the limited pilot and commissioned an evaluation of confirmed findings, false alerts, fairness, review time, and total operating costs. It postponed large-scale deployment until the benefits could be demonstrated. The project remained a tool for directing scrutiny rather than a proven automated judge of suppliers’ behavior.
Q39. What was the main limitation of the software’s alert total?
- A. It included no transactions at all.
- B. The system had already replaced every auditor.
- C. Alerts did not establish the number of confirmed violations.
- D. Every unusual purchase was necessarily fraudulent.
Q40. Why were specialized suppliers a concern?
- A. They were prohibited from public procurement.
- B. Unusual pricing or delivery could be mistaken for wrongdoing.
- C. They never submitted any bids.
- D. They had all been convicted of fraud.
Q41. What safeguard did the office introduce?
- A. Automatic punishment for every alert.
- B. A permanent ban on software review.
- C. Deletion of all transaction records.
- D. An appeal and human review before penalties.
Q42. What did the council decide?
- A. Continue limited testing and evaluate real findings, fairness, and costs before wider deployment.
- B. Immediately eliminate manual audits citywide.
- C. Treat every flag as established fraud.
- D. Allow suppliers to revise all security settings without review.
全文の段落別日本語訳
第1段落:架空の市は公共調達の異常を知らせるソフトを試行。警告数は多かったが、警告と不正の確定件数は異なり、緊急修理の正当な支払いも警告されていた。
第2段落:監査担当者は人間の調査結果と照合し、誤警告や特定業者への偏りを測ることを提案。専門企業の特異な価格・納期が不当に疑われる可能性がある。
第3段落:警告によって入札を遅らせられた業者のために訂正・不服申立て手順を設けた。アルゴリズム警告だけでは制裁せず、人間が審査する。
第4段落:手作業の監査をすぐ削減する案は時期尚早。調査員、ソフト保守、データ検査、セキュリティ、誤警告の費用もある。
第5段落:評議会は限定試行と確定違反、誤警告、公平性、費用の評価を継続。全面導入は未決定で、ソフトは調査先を絞る道具にとどめる。
4問の解答・誤答の根拠
Q39 正答 C:Alerts did not establish the number of confirmed violations.。 警告件数は確定不正件数でない。
Q40 正答 B:Unusual pricing or delivery could be mistaken for wrongdoing.。 専門業者が正当な価格・納期でも誤警告されうる。
Q41 正答 D:An appeal and human review before penalties.。 異議申立てと人間による審査。
Q42 正答 A:Continue limited testing and evaluate real findings, fairness, and costs before wider deployment.。 限定試行継続と追加評価。
語彙42問の復習順序
- まず22問を初見で解き、正解以外の語の意味を全て説明する。
- 次に12問で目的語・前置詞・否定の意味を変えずに言い換える。
- 長文Aで検証と隠蔽、個別の耐久試験と総合安全性を区別する。
- 長文Bで異常検出と不正確定、アルゴリズムと人間の審査を区別する。
- 一週間後に未使用の公式過去問で同じ動詞を文脈から判断できるか確認する。
よくある質問
vindicateとexonerateの違いは何ですか?
vindicateは批判されていた判断や主張の正当性を示す場面で使えます。exonerateは人を責任・非難・嫌疑から解放する意味が中心です。
warrantとvindicateは同じですか?
warrantはある措置・判断に十分な理由があること、vindicateは反論や疑いがあった主張の正当性が示されることです。
これは英検1級の公式過去問ですか?
いいえ。語彙22問・言い換え12問・読解8問は慶英会の独自教材です。
関連する英検1級無料教材
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参考にした主な公式情報
記事内の設問、長文、会話、解答・和訳は慶英会が独自制作した非公式教材です。架空の財団・行政機関は現実の報告ではありません。

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