慶英会 塾長｜慶應義塾大学卒・英検1級
中高一貫校の学校英語・NEW TREASURE・英検対策を専門とするオンライン個別指導塾です。塾長紹介
慶英会独自・英検1級熟語第41セット。英検1級の難関語彙で重要な上級句動詞を、短文空所22問・同義表現12問・ミニ長文8問の42問・全168択で学びます。phase out・rule out・iron out・shore up・factor in・zero in onなどの意味、使う文脈、誤答になりやすい理由を解説します。
英検1級の公式Reading短文空所は22問です（日本英語検定協会｜試験内容）。本教材の英文と選択肢は慶英会独自制作で、公式過去問ではありません。
続きの無料教材：語彙第42セット｜法律・政策動詞42問。初見で解き、解答根拠・誤答理由まで確認してください。
句動詞の使い分けを先に確認
- phase out（段階的に廃止）とphase in（段階的に導入）は反対。
- rule out（可能性を除外）とcannot rule out（可能性が残る）を区別する。
- iron out（問題を解消）とhammer out（合意を形成）は対象が異なる。
- factor in（考慮に入れる）とzero in on（対象を絞る）を混同しない。
第1部｜上級句動詞・短文空所22問
Q1
The company plans to _____ its oldest product line over several years.
- A. phase out
- B. scale back
- C. spell out
- D. draw on
Q2
Scientists could not _____ a sensor failure without further tests.
- A. phase in
- B. rule out
- C. carry over
- D. lay out
Q3
The partners met again to _____ differences in the contract.
- A. weed out
- B. crack down on
- C. iron out
- D. step up
Q4
Independent inspections could _____ public confidence in the bridge.
- A. hammer out
- B. fend off
- C. back up
- D. shore up
Q5
The city decided to _____ the project after costs rose.
- A. scale back
- B. bring about
- C. factor in
- D. brush aside
Q6
The authority will _____ the new rule through a limited pilot.
- A. spell out
- B. phase in
- C. zero in on
- D. single out
Q7
Analysts will _____ duplicate records before calculating totals.
- A. carry over
- B. draw on
- C. weed out
- D. round up
Q8
The universities hope to _____ an agreement on equipment sharing.
- A. crack down on
- B. lay out
- C. phase out
- D. hammer out
Q9
Poorly designed restrictions could _____ unexpected delays.
- A. bring about
- B. fend off
- C. step up
- D. rule out
Q10
Officials must _____ the conditions for emergency exceptions.
- A. factor in
- B. spell out
- C. back up
- D. iron out
Q11
The committee will _____ unresolved questions to the next meeting.
- A. zero in on
- B. brush aside
- C. carry over
- D. shore up
Q12
Regulators promised to _____ deliberate concealment of serious defects.
- A. draw on
- B. single out
- C. scale back
- D. crack down on
Q13
Backup supplies may help _____ interruptions during severe storms.
- A. fend off
- B. lay out
- C. round up
- D. phase in
Q14
Evaluators must _____ differences in observation time.
- A. step up
- B. factor in
- C. phase out
- D. weed out
Q15
Inspectors decided to _____ records with unusual changes.
- A. back up
- B. rule out
- C. zero in on
- D. hammer out
Q16
The team will _____ earlier field studies to design its survey.
- A. brush aside
- B. iron out
- C. bring about
- D. draw on
Q17
The agency should _____ the alternatives and their likely costs.
- A. lay out
- B. single out
- C. shore up
- D. spell out
Q18
Officials will _____ safety checks after repeated equipment failures.
- A. round up
- B. step up
- C. scale back
- D. carry over
Q19
Independent photographs helped _____ the worker’s account.
- A. phase out
- B. phase in
- C. back up
- D. crack down on
Q20
The council must not _____ residents’ reasonable objections.
- A. rule out
- B. weed out
- C. fend off
- D. brush aside
Q21
The review should not _____ one school without credible evidence.
- A. single out
- B. iron out
- C. hammer out
- D. factor in
Q22
The coordinator was asked to _____ volunteers for the weekend cleanup.
- A. shore up
- B. round up
- C. bring about
- D. zero in on
第2部｜言い換え12問
Q23
The authority will phase out the obsolete system.
- A. It will permanently expand the old system.
- B. It will gradually discontinue the old system.
- C. It has already eliminated every service.
- D. It will refuse all future systems.
Q24
The data did not rule out an error.
- A. An error was proved.
- B. Every sensor was accurate.
- C. An error remained possible.
- D. Every reading was intentionally false.
Q25
The parties ironed out their differences.
- A. They successfully resolved the disagreements.
- B. They stopped all negotiations immediately.
- C. No differences had ever existed.
- D. They refused all compromise.
Q26
The reserve funds shored up reliability.
- A. They reduced reliability.
- B. They caused all interruptions.
- C. They guaranteed that no future problem can occur.
- D. They strengthened the system’s dependability.
Q27
The agency scaled back the rollout.
- A. It expanded into every district.
- B. It reduced the planned scale.
- C. It changed no plans.
- D. It removed all public services.
Q28
The regulator cracked down on violations.
- A. It openly encouraged illegal conduct.
- B. It abolished every standard.
- C. It enforced rules more strictly.
- D. It ignored all evidence.
Q29
The reviewers factored in weather.
- A. They considered the influence of weather.
- B. They ignored weather.
- C. They assumed identical conditions.
- D. They rejected any comparison.
Q30
The team zeroed in on inconsistent data.
- A. It analyzed nothing.
- B. It eliminated all records.
- C. It made all data consistent immediately.
- D. It concentrated attention on the problematic records.
Q31
The team drew on earlier evidence.
- A. It avoided past information.
- B. It used earlier evidence as a resource.
- C. It accepted all earlier claims uncritically.
- D. It removed citations.
Q32
The agency spelled out the exception.
- A. It eliminated the exception.
- B. It concealed the rule.
- C. It explained the exception clearly.
- D. It made no decision.
Q33
The agreement was hammered out.
- A. It was reached after difficult negotiations.
- B. No negotiations had occurred.
- C. It was canceled before discussion.
- D. It was imposed without any participation.
Q34
Managers brushed aside the criticism.
- A. They examined it carefully.
- B. They apologized and corrected every issue.
- C. They asked for more evidence.
- D. They dismissed the criticism without giving it proper attention.
第3部｜ミニ長文4題・内容理解8問
ミニ長文1
A fictional town phased in new digital water meters. Some alerts came from unusual but legitimate household activities rather than leaks. Technicians were asked to rule out routine causes before requesting repairs, and the municipality kept records of human overrides.
Q35
Why were automatic warnings reviewed?
- A. They always indicated leaks.
- B. Every household had identical usage.
- C. Some were triggered by ordinary activities.
- D. The meters were never installed.
Q36
What was introduced gradually?
- A. Digital water meters.
- B. A ban on water consumption.
- C. An end to all inspections.
- D. A new paper-only billing system.
ミニ長文2
Rural clinics used reports from community nurses to estimate demand. Historical booking figures did not include residents who could not make telephone calls or travel to clinics. Planners factored in missed appointments and drew on local observations before redesigning transport.
Q37
What was missing from the original data?
- A. All existing patients’ records.
- B. People unable to contact or reach clinics.
- C. Details of clinic opening hours only.
- D. Every previous appointment.
Q38
How did planners improve decisions?
- A. By ignoring local workers.
- B. By eliminating monitoring.
- C. By relying only on past bookings.
- D. By incorporating missed visits and field reports.
ミニ長文3
An archive found that some digital records treated the printing date of a photograph as the date of the event pictured. Curators zeroed in on questionable entries, preserved the source images and published correction histories. They did not brush aside residents’ questions.
Q39
What error was investigated?
- A. All images were counterfeit.
- B. Every label was missing.
- C. Printing dates were mistaken for event dates.
- D. The collection had never been digitized.
Q40
What was the response?
- A. Targeted verification and visible corrections.
- B. Deletion of all source materials.
- C. Refusal to answer questions.
- D. Publication of the old dates as facts.
ミニ長文4
After cracks were reported on pedestrian bridges, engineers stepped up inspections. The city later scaled back a proposed replacement program when several structures proved suitable for safe repairs. It laid out criteria explaining which bridges required replacement.
Q41
Why was the replacement program reduced?
- A. Every structure was demolished.
- B. Some bridges could be repaired safely.
- C. Inspectors were banned.
- D. Cracks were not assessed.
Q42
What was explained to residents?
- A. Only the budget for advertising.
- B. Employees’ private records.
- C. Predictions of exact future weather.
- D. The criteria for repairs and replacement.
全42問の解答と全選択肢の意味
短文22問｜各語句の意味・全文和訳
Q1：A phase out。和訳：会社は最も古い製品シリーズを数年かけて段階的に廃止する予定だ。根拠：phase out a product line全4択の語義：A phase out＝段階的に廃止する／B scale back＝規模を縮小する／C spell out＝明確に詳しく説明する／D draw on＝知識や経験を活用する
Q2：B rule out。和訳：追加試験なしに科学者はセンサー故障の可能性を排除できなかった。根拠：rule out a failure全4択の語義：A phase in＝段階的に導入する／B rule out＝可能性を除外する／C carry over＝次へ持ち越す／D lay out＝整理して提示する
Q3：C iron out。和訳：当事者は契約上の相違点を解決するため再び会合した。根拠：iron out differences全4択の語義：A weed out＝不要・不適切なものを取り除く／B crack down on＝厳しく取り締まる／C iron out＝意見の相違や不具合を解消する／D step up＝強化・増加する
Q4：D shore up。和訳：独立点検は橋への住民の信頼を強め得る。根拠：shore up confidence全4択の語義：A hammer out＝協議の末にまとめる／B fend off＝危険や攻撃を防ぐ／C back up＝証拠をもって裏付ける／D shore up＝支える・強化する
Q5：A scale back。和訳：費用増加を受け市は事業を縮小した。根拠：scale back a project全4択の語義：A scale back＝規模を縮小する／B bring about＝引き起こす・もたらす／C factor in＝要因を考慮・織り込む／D brush aside＝意見などを軽くあしらう
Q6：B phase in。和訳：当局は限定試行を通じて新規則を段階導入する。根拠：phase in a rule全4択の語義：A spell out＝明確に詳しく説明する／B phase in＝段階的に導入する／C zero in on＝焦点を絞る／D single out＝特定のものを選び出す
Q7：C weed out。和訳：分析者は合計算出前に重複記録を取り除く。根拠：weed out duplicates全4択の語義：A carry over＝次へ持ち越す／B draw on＝知識や経験を活用する／C weed out＝不要・不適切なものを取り除く／D round up＝人・物を集める・一斉に捕らえる
Q8：D hammer out。和訳：大学は機器共有の協定をまとめたいと考える。根拠：hammer out an agreement全4択の語義：A crack down on＝厳しく取り締まる／B lay out＝整理して提示する／C phase out＝段階的に廃止する／D hammer out＝協議の末にまとめる
Q9：A bring about。和訳：設計の悪い規制は予期しない遅延を生じさせ得る。根拠：bring about delays全4択の語義：A bring about＝引き起こす・もたらす／B fend off＝危険や攻撃を防ぐ／C step up＝強化・増加する／D rule out＝可能性を除外する
Q10：B spell out。和訳：担当者は緊急時の例外条件を明確に説明しなければならない。根拠：spell out conditions全4択の語義：A factor in＝要因を考慮・織り込む／B spell out＝明確に詳しく説明する／C back up＝証拠をもって裏付ける／D iron out＝意見の相違や不具合を解消する
Q11：C carry over。和訳：委員会は未解決の問題を次の会議へ持ち越す。根拠：carry over questions全4択の語義：A zero in on＝焦点を絞る／B brush aside＝意見などを軽くあしらう／C carry over＝次へ持ち越す／D shore up＝支える・強化する
Q12：D crack down on。和訳：規制当局は重大欠陥の故意の隠蔽を厳しく取り締まると約束した。根拠：crack down on wrongdoing全4択の語義：A draw on＝知識や経験を活用する／B single out＝特定のものを選び出す／C scale back＝規模を縮小する／D crack down on＝厳しく取り締まる
Q13：A fend off。和訳：予備物資は暴風雨時の業務中断を防ぐかもしれない。根拠：fend off interruptions全4択の語義：A fend off＝危険や攻撃を防ぐ／B lay out＝整理して提示する／C round up＝人・物を集める・一斉に捕らえる／D phase in＝段階的に導入する
Q14：B factor in。和訳：評価者は観察時間の差を織り込まなければならない。根拠：factor in differences全4択の語義：A step up＝強化・増加する／B factor in＝要因を考慮・織り込む／C phase out＝段階的に廃止する／D weed out＝不要・不適切なものを取り除く
Q15：C zero in on。和訳：検査員は変化が異常な記録に焦点を絞ることにした。根拠：zero in on records全4択の語義：A back up＝証拠をもって裏付ける／B rule out＝可能性を除外する／C zero in on＝焦点を絞る／D hammer out＝協議の末にまとめる
Q16：D draw on。和訳：チームは調査設計に先行の現地研究を活用する。根拠：draw on research全4択の語義：A brush aside＝意見などを軽くあしらう／B iron out＝意見の相違や不具合を解消する／C bring about＝引き起こす・もたらす／D draw on＝知識や経験を活用する
Q17：A lay out。和訳：当局は代替案と予想費用を整理して提示すべきだ。根拠：lay out options全4択の語義：A lay out＝整理して提示する／B single out＝特定のものを選び出す／C shore up＝支える・強化する／D spell out＝明確に詳しく説明する
Q18：B step up。和訳：担当者は故障が続いたため安全確認を強化する。根拠：step up inspections全4択の語義：A round up＝人・物を集める・一斉に捕らえる／B step up＝強化・増加する／C scale back＝規模を縮小する／D carry over＝次へ持ち越す
Q19：C back up。和訳：独立した写真が作業員の証言を裏付けた。根拠：back up an account全4択の語義：A phase out＝段階的に廃止する／B phase in＝段階的に導入する／C back up＝証拠をもって裏付ける／D crack down on＝厳しく取り締まる
Q20：D brush aside。和訳：議会は住民の合理的異議を軽く無視してはならない。根拠：brush aside objections全4択の語義：A rule out＝可能性を除外する／B weed out＝不要・不適切なものを取り除く／C fend off＝危険や攻撃を防ぐ／D brush aside＝意見などを軽くあしらう
Q21：A single out。和訳：確かな根拠なしに審査は1校だけをやり玉に挙げるべきではない。根拠：single out a school全4択の語義：A single out＝特定のものを選び出す／B iron out＝意見の相違や不具合を解消する／C hammer out＝協議の末にまとめる／D factor in＝要因を考慮・織り込む
Q22：B round up。和訳：調整役は週末の清掃活動に参加するボランティアを集めるよう頼まれた。根拠：round up volunteers全4択の語義：A shore up＝支える・強化する／B round up＝人・物を集める・一斉に捕らえる／C bring about＝引き起こす・もたらす／D zero in on＝焦点を絞る
言い換え12問｜正答・根拠
Q23：B It will gradually discontinue the old system.。理由：段階的に廃止することを表す。
Q24：C An error remained possible.。理由：否定形なので誤りの可能性が残る。
Q25：A They successfully resolved the disagreements.。理由：交渉して問題を解消した。
Q26：D They strengthened the system’s dependability.。理由：信頼性を強化する意味。
Q27：B It reduced the planned scale.。理由：拡大計画の規模を縮小。
Q28：C It enforced rules more strictly.。理由：取締りを厳格化。
Q29：A They considered the influence of weather.。理由：天候を考慮。
Q30：D It concentrated attention on the problematic records.。理由：特定の記録を優先的に調べる。
Q31：B It used earlier evidence as a resource.。理由：先行情報を活用。
Q32：C It explained the exception clearly.。理由：条件を明確に説明。
Q33：A It was reached after difficult negotiations.。理由：難しい交渉で合意形成。
Q34：D They dismissed the criticism without giving it proper attention.。理由：正当な批判を軽視して退けた。
ミニ長文8問｜本文の根拠
Q35：C Some were triggered by ordinary activities.。理由：日常の使用でも警報が出た。
Q36：A Digital water meters.。理由：段階導入の対象はメーター。
Q37：B People unable to contact or reach clinics.。理由：利用できなかった人の情報。
Q38：D By incorporating missed visits and field reports.。理由：現場情報と未受診を考慮。
Q39：C Printing dates were mistaken for event dates.。理由：日付の種類を混同した。
Q40：A Targeted verification and visible corrections.。理由：確認・訂正履歴の公開。
Q41：B Some bridges could be repaired safely.。理由：修理可能な構造物があった。
Q42：D The criteria for repairs and replacement.。理由：処置の判断基準を説明。
句動詞を7日間で定着させる方法
- 初日：誤答した熟語の目的語・前置詞を確認する。
- 翌日：日本語から句動詞を再現し、自分で例文を書く。
- 3日後：近い句動詞と違いを説明する。
- 7日後：問題を初見と同じ条件で再度解く。
よくある質問
phase outとwind downの違いは？
どちらも徐々に終える意味ですが、製品や制度を計画的に廃止する場合はphase out、活動や事業を段階的に縮小して終了する場合はwind downがよく使われます。
cannot rule outとは？
その可能性を排除できないという意味です。発生が確定したとは限りません。
この42問は英検の公式問題ですか？
いいえ。慶英会が作成した独自の練習です。
関連教材
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慶英会 塾長｜慶應義塾大学卒・英検1級。中高一貫校の学校英語・NEW TREASURE・英検対策を専門としています。塾長の経歴・指導方針を確認する