慶英会 塾長｜慶應義塾大学卒・英検1級
中高一貫校の学校英語・NEW TREASURE・英検対策を専門とするオンライン個別指導塾です。塾長紹介
慶英会独自・英検1級語彙第40セット。政策・研究・事業の論理を理解する上級名詞を中心に、語句空所22問・同義文12問・ミニ長文8問の全42問・168択を掲載します。bottleneck・accountability・feasibility・caveat・discrepancy・scalabilityなどを、意味の近い語と比較しながら解答・和訳・解説で学べます。
英検1級公式Readingの語句空所は22問です（公式試験内容）。本教材はオリジナルの語句空所22問と補強20問で構成し、英検協会の公式過去問を転載していません。
次の無料教材：熟語第41セット｜句動詞42問・全168択。初見で解き、解答根拠と誤答理由まで確認してください。
上級名詞を使い分ける4つの軸
- bottleneckは工程を進める能力の制約、shortfallは必要量と実際量の不足。
- accountabilityは説明責任、transparencyは判断や情報の見えやすさ。
- caveatは結論の留保、contingency planは不測の事態へ備える計画。
- discrepancyは記録の不一致、provenanceは物品の由来や履歴。
第1部｜上級名詞の短文22問
Q1
A shortage of qualified engineers became the main _____ to restoring the damaged railway line.
- A. bottleneck
- B. windfall
- C. dividend
- D. precedent
Q2
A public funding decision requires _____ so that officials can explain who benefits and who pays.
- A. anecdotes
- B. accountability
- C. retaliation
- D. immunity
Q3
The committee questioned the _____ of installing expensive equipment in a building due for demolition.
- A. revenue
- B. mandate
- C. feasibility
- D. concession
Q4
The agency added a _____ to its forecast, noting that the figures assumed unusually stable weather.
- A. subsidy
- B. outlier
- C. incentive
- D. caveat
Q5
Independent reviewers expressed _____ about using a single test result to justify national expansion.
- A. skepticism
- B. unanimity
- C. compliance
- D. solidarity
Q6
The policy created a new _____ for firms to invest in energy-efficient equipment.
- A. impediment
- B. incentive
- C. anomaly
- D. liability
Q7
The _____ between the survey results and the official figures prompted an independent investigation.
- A. consensus
- B. surplus
- C. discrepancy
- D. mandate
Q8
Officials recognized the _____ of relying entirely on one power supply during severe storms.
- A. efficiency
- B. provenance
- C. benefit
- D. vulnerability
Q9
The museum documented the _____ of the painting before accepting it into its collection.
- A. provenance
- B. outbreak
- C. backlash
- D. subsidy
Q10
A successful pilot does not automatically establish the _____ of the scheme across different regions.
- A. retaliation
- B. scalability
- C. exemption
- D. precedent
Q11
The charity’s evaluation focused on whether the assistance produced a lasting _____ rather than more publicity.
- A. shortfall
- B. constraint
- C. benefit
- D. dispute
Q12
The planned expansion remained a _____ because the environmental review had not yet been completed.
- A. certainty
- B. precedent
- C. mandate
- D. proposal
Q13
The authority lacked sufficient _____ to inspect every contractor’s equipment during one week.
- A. capacity
- B. windfall
- C. dividend
- D. precedent
Q14
The decision was criticized for ignoring the _____ between immediate savings and future maintenance costs.
- A. coincidence
- B. trade-off
- C. subsidy
- D. retaliation
Q15
The review highlighted a _____ in the original report: it did not include people unable to use the website.
- A. surplus
- B. concession
- C. limitation
- D. dividend
Q16
The department required a clear _____ explaining who could access sensitive records.
- A. windfall
- B. incentive
- C. backlash
- D. protocol
Q17
The engineers prepared a _____ plan in case the primary communications network failed.
- A. contingency
- B. revenue
- C. provenance
- D. dividend
Q18
A published _____ would let readers trace how the scientific conclusions changed over time.
- A. exemption
- B. revision history
- C. backlash
- D. windfall
Q19
The company faced a potential _____ when its defective product injured consumers.
- A. incentive
- B. dividend
- C. liability
- D. surplus
Q20
The city introduced an _____ for residents who could not safely use the standard bus route.
- A. anomaly
- B. precedent
- C. incentive
- D. exception
Q21
The independent review found a lack of _____ in how grants had been awarded to applicants.
- A. consistency
- B. retaliation
- C. dividend
- D. windfall
Q22
The committee sought greater _____ by publishing the criteria and reasons behind its decisions.
- A. scarcity
- B. transparency
- C. redundancy
- D. obsolescence
第2部｜言い換え12問
Q23
The proposal faces a substantial bottleneck.
- A. It has already succeeded.
- B. One factor is severely limiting its progress.
- C. It requires no resources.
- D. It has been withdrawn without review.
Q24
The claim includes a caveat.
- A. It is legally binding in every case.
- B. It has no factual basis whatsoever.
- C. Its applicability is limited by an important qualification.
- D. All conditions have been removed.
Q25
The findings lack scalability.
- A. The success may not be maintained when the program expands.
- B. The program has already been expanded everywhere.
- C. The research is intentionally fabricated.
- D. There are no costs involved.
Q26
The team prepared a contingency plan.
- A. It avoided all emergency planning.
- B. It canceled every project.
- C. It guaranteed that accidents cannot occur.
- D. It prepared procedures for an unexpected problem.
Q27
The dataset contains a discrepancy.
- A. Every value has been verified to be identical.
- B. Two reported figures do not agree.
- C. No data were collected.
- D. The dataset has no limitations.
Q28
The report documents provenance.
- A. It lists only the price of the object.
- B. It predicts future visitor numbers.
- C. It records the object’s origin and history.
- D. It removes the original source.
Q29
The system has a vulnerability.
- A. It can be harmed or disrupted under certain conditions.
- B. It guarantees perfect reliability.
- C. It contains no sensitive information.
- D. It has been fully replaced.
Q30
The decision lacks transparency.
- A. Its process is open and documented.
- B. The outcome is guaranteed fair.
- C. The participants are all in agreement.
- D. The basis for the decision cannot be readily examined.
Q31
The evidence supports a provisional conclusion.
- A. The conclusion is certain forever.
- B. The finding remains open to revision.
- C. Every competing explanation has been excluded.
- D. No study was conducted.
Q32
The new rule may create an unintended incentive.
- A. It necessarily eliminates every problem.
- B. It cannot influence behavior.
- C. It might encourage behavior not originally intended.
- D. Its effect has already been proven beneficial.
Q33
The agency’s capacity is limited.
- A. Its ability to handle tasks is constrained.
- B. It can handle unlimited requests.
- C. It has no responsibilities.
- D. Its resources have doubled.
Q34
The city considered a trade-off.
- A. It found a costless universal solution.
- B. All alternatives were identical.
- C. The decision had no effects.
- D. Improving one outcome might come at the expense of another.
第3部｜独自ミニ長文4篇・8問
ミニ長文1
A fictional public health network recorded more online bookings after simplifying its website. However, some residents lacked reliable internet and were unable to book without help. Officials added telephone support and began tracking completed appointments rather than treating digital registrations as proof of equal access.
Q35
What does the example reveal about access?
- A. All residents have identical resources.
- B. Every online registration resulted in care.
- C. More digital bookings can coexist with unmet needs.
- D. Telephone support had been prohibited.
Q36
What would better measure success?
- A. Completed care and whether excluded residents can participate.
- B. Only the number of app downloads.
- C. Only website colors.
- D. The number of promotional emails sent.
ミニ長文2
An archive received a collection of historical photographs with uncertain dates. Staff discovered that some envelope labels recorded printing rather than photography dates. Curators preserved original images, marked estimates and issued correction histories so users could trace later changes.
Q37
Why were some dates uncertain?
- A. The images had never been printed.
- B. Labels could refer to the printing date rather than the event date.
- C. No archive records existed.
- D. Every donor knowingly supplied false information.
Q38
What supports reliable interpretation?
- A. Treating guesses as facts.
- B. Deleting all earlier labels.
- C. Publishing only a short title.
- D. Keeping source records and visible revisions.
ミニ長文3
A shared delivery center reported fewer vans entering one business district. Transport analysts found that vehicles were taking longer detours through nearby neighborhoods. They recommended measuring total distance, fuel use, loading rates and delivery reliability before describing the program as environmentally successful.
Q39
Why could fewer vehicles be misleading?
- A. All companies stopped deliveries.
- B. A change in street names caused confusion.
- C. Traffic might simply have shifted to other roads.
- D. The district had never been monitored.
Q40
What is the preferred evaluation?
- A. Total journey impacts and service outcomes.
- B. Only the number of vans on one street.
- C. Only the center’s opening date.
- D. Only advertising expenditure.
ミニ長文4
A museum introduced a digital archive of endangered-language recordings. The original agreements permitted preservation, but some did not authorize unrestricted publication. Community representatives requested a meaningful role in access decisions. The museum therefore developed consent procedures and controlled access to sensitive material while retaining searchable descriptions.
Q41
What is the key distinction?
- A. All recordings are public by default.
- B. Preservation permission does not necessarily permit unrestricted release.
- C. No searchable records can be maintained.
- D. The recordings have already been destroyed.
Q42
What approach did the museum choose?
- A. Delete all sensitive recordings.
- B. Release everything without consent.
- C. Exclude community representatives.
- D. Use consultation and controlled access where appropriate.
全42問・168択の解答と根拠
語句22問｜全文和訳・全88選択肢の意味
Q1：A bottleneck。全文訳：技術者不足が鉄道復旧を進める最大の制約になった。理由：bottleneckは全体の進行速度を制限する要因。全語義：A bottleneck＝工程を制約する難所／B windfall＝予期しない利益／C dividend＝配当／D precedent＝先例
Q2：B accountability。全文訳：公費の使途は受益と負担を説明できる責任が必要。理由：accountability＝結果について説明し責任を負うこと。全語義：A anecdotes＝個人的な逸話／B accountability＝説明責任／C retaliation＝報復／D immunity＝免責
Q3：C feasibility。全文訳：解体予定の建物へ高価な機器を設置する実現可能性が疑問視された。理由：feasibilityは費用・技術・時間などを踏まえた実現性。全語義：A revenue＝収入／B mandate＝権限／C feasibility＝実現可能性／D concession＝譲歩
Q4：D caveat。全文訳：異常に安定した気象条件を前提とするとの留保を予測に付けた。理由：caveat＝主張を適用する際の留保。全語義：A subsidy＝補助金／B outlier＝外れ値／C incentive＝誘因／D caveat＝重要な留保・注意条件
Q5：A skepticism。全文訳：一回の試験を根拠に全国展開することへ懐疑が示された。理由：skepticism＝根拠を疑い慎重に見る態度。全語義：A skepticism＝懐疑／B unanimity＝全員一致／C compliance＝順守／D solidarity＝連帯
Q6：B incentive。全文訳：新たな政策が省エネ設備投資への誘因を生んだ。理由：incentive to invest。全語義：A impediment＝妨げ／B incentive＝誘因・動機付け／C anomaly＝異常値／D liability＝法的責任
Q7：C discrepancy。全文訳：調査結果と公式数値の不一致により独立調査が始まった。理由：discrepancy between A and B。全語義：A consensus＝合意／B surplus＝余剰／C discrepancy＝不一致・食い違い／D mandate＝権限
Q8：D vulnerability。全文訳：暴風雨時に電源一系統だけへ依存する脆弱性を当局は認めた。理由：vulnerability＝被害を受けやすい状態。全語義：A efficiency＝効率／B provenance＝由来・来歴／C benefit＝便益／D vulnerability＝脆弱性
Q9：A provenance。全文訳：博物館は受入れ前に絵画の来歴を記録した。理由：provenanceは資料・作品の出所と履歴。全語義：A provenance＝来歴・所有履歴／B outbreak＝突発的発生／C backlash＝強い反発／D subsidy＝助成金
Q10：B scalability。全文訳：一回の試行成功だけでは地域をまたいで拡大できるとは言えない。理由：scalabilityは規模拡大に耐える性質。全語義：A retaliation＝報復／B scalability＝規模を拡大する能力／C exemption＝免除／D precedent＝前例
Q11：C benefit。全文訳：慈善団体は広告の増加より持続的な便益を評価した。理由：lasting benefit＝長期に残る有益な変化。全語義：A shortfall＝不足／B constraint＝制約／C benefit＝便益／D dispute＝紛争
Q12：D proposal。全文訳：環境審査が未完了で拡大はまだ提案段階だった。理由：proposalとapproved projectは異なる。全語義：A certainty＝確実な事実／B precedent＝先例／C mandate＝義務・権限／D proposal＝提案・計画案
Q13：A capacity。全文訳：一週間で全業者の設備を点検する処理能力が不足していた。理由：capacity＝対応できる人員や設備の総量。全語義：A capacity＝対応能力・処理能力／B windfall＝棚ぼた利益／C dividend＝配当／D precedent＝前例
Q14：B trade-off。全文訳：短期節約と将来保守費のトレードオフを無視したと批判された。理由：trade-off between A and B。全語義：A coincidence＝偶然の一致／B trade-off＝一方を優先すると他方が損なわれる関係／C subsidy＝補助金／D retaliation＝報復
Q15：C limitation。全文訳：元報告がウェブ利用不能者を含まないという限界を審査が指摘した。理由：limitation of a study＝研究の制約。全語義：A surplus＝余剰／B concession＝譲歩／C limitation＝限界・制約／D dividend＝配当
Q16：D protocol。全文訳：機微情報へアクセスできる人物を定めた明確な手順を部署は要求した。理由：access protocol。全語義：A windfall＝予期しない利益／B incentive＝動機付け／C backlash＝反発／D protocol＝定められた手順・規約
Q17：A contingency。全文訳：主要通信網が故障した場合に備え緊急時対応計画を作成した。理由：contingency plan＝不測の事態への対応計画。全語義：A contingency＝緊急時対応の／B revenue＝収益の／C provenance＝来歴の／D dividend＝配当の
Q18：B revision history。全文訳：改訂履歴の公開で科学的結論の変化を読者が追跡できる。理由：revision historyは変更と理由を保存。全語義：A exemption＝免除／B revision history＝改訂履歴／C backlash＝反発／D windfall＝臨時利益
Q19：C liability。全文訳：欠陥製品で消費者が負傷し会社に法的責任が生じ得た。理由：liability for harm。全語義：A incentive＝誘因／B dividend＝配当／C liability＝賠償など法的責任／D surplus＝余剰
Q20：D exception。全文訳：通常のバス路線を安全に利用できない住民に例外措置を設けた。理由：exception for specific needs。全語義：A anomaly＝異常／B precedent＝前例／C incentive＝誘因／D exception＝例外措置
Q21：A consistency。全文訳：助成採択方法に一貫性が欠けると独立審査が指摘した。理由：consistency in applying standards。全語義：A consistency＝一貫性／B retaliation＝報復／C dividend＝配当／D windfall＝臨時利益
Q22：B transparency。全文訳：審査基準と判断理由の公表により透明性を高めようとした。理由：transparency about decisions。全語義：A scarcity＝希少性／B transparency＝透明性／C redundancy＝重複性／D obsolescence＝陳腐化
言い換え12問｜正答の意味と誤答の違い
Q23：B One factor is severely limiting its progress.。理由：bottleneckは工程全体を制約する。 他の選択肢では確実性・条件・事実関係が変わります。
Q24：C Its applicability is limited by an important qualification.。理由：caveat＝留保や注意条件。 他の選択肢では確実性・条件・事実関係が変わります。
Q25：A The success may not be maintained when the program expands.。理由：小規模での成果が大規模でも成立するとは限らない。 他の選択肢では確実性・条件・事実関係が変わります。
Q26：D It prepared procedures for an unexpected problem.。理由：不測の事態へ備える計画。 他の選択肢では確実性・条件・事実関係が変わります。
Q27：B Two reported figures do not agree.。理由：discrepancyは数値の不一致。 他の選択肢では確実性・条件・事実関係が変わります。
Q28：C It records the object’s origin and history.。理由：作品・物品の出所と来歴。 他の選択肢では確実性・条件・事実関係が変わります。
Q29：A It can be harmed or disrupted under certain conditions.。理由：脆弱性は必ずしも事故発生済みではない。 他の選択肢では確実性・条件・事実関係が変わります。
Q30：D The basis for the decision cannot be readily examined.。理由：判断理由が十分見えない。 他の選択肢では確実性・条件・事実関係が変わります。
Q31：B The finding remains open to revision.。理由：暫定は将来改訂の余地がある。 他の選択肢では確実性・条件・事実関係が変わります。
Q32：C It might encourage behavior not originally intended.。理由：政策の意図しない行動変化を表す。 他の選択肢では確実性・条件・事実関係が変わります。
Q33：A Its ability to handle tasks is constrained.。理由：処理能力の制約。 他の選択肢では確実性・条件・事実関係が変わります。
Q34：D Improving one outcome might come at the expense of another.。理由：改善と負担の交換関係。 他の選択肢では確実性・条件・事実関係が変わります。
ミニ長文8問｜実際の根拠
Q35：C More digital bookings can coexist with unmet needs.。根拠：登録と実受診・公平なアクセスは別。
Q36：A Completed care and whether excluded residents can participate.。根拠：実際にサービスが届いたかを評価。
Q37：B Labels could refer to the printing date rather than the event date.。根拠：資料に記された日付の意味が異なる。
Q38：D Keeping source records and visible revisions.。根拠：訂正の履歴と原資料の保持。
Q39：C Traffic might simply have shifted to other roads.。根拠：周辺道路への交通移転。
Q40：A Total journey impacts and service outcomes.。根拠：全体の移動と成果を見る。
Q41：B Preservation permission does not necessarily permit unrestricted release.。根拠：保存と公開の許諾は異なる。
Q42：D Use consultation and controlled access where appropriate.。根拠：関係者の意思と適切なアクセス管理を両立。
間違えた語を復習するための手順
- 日本語訳を隠し英単語と連語を口頭で再現する。
- 紛らわしい2語をそれぞれ別の英文で使う。
- 正答を暗記したら問題文の対象・条件を変えて言い換える。
- 2日後と7日後に再度解き、理由を説明できるか確認する。
よくある質問
英検1級の語彙は難語を覚えれば十分ですか？
単語の暗記に加え、同じ日本語に見える語の使い方・文脈・確実性の違いを理解すると、長文や英作文にも使えます。
bottleneckとshortfallは同じ意味ですか？
どちらも不足に関係しますが、bottleneckは全体の処理能力を制約する要因、shortfallは必要量に対する実際の不足分を表すのが一般的です。
この42問は公式過去問ですか？
いいえ。慶英会が独自作成した非公式の練習教材です。
関連する英検1級無料教材
参考にした公式情報
問題・選択肢・英文・解答・和訳は慶英会による独自教材です。事例は架空の設定です。
最大1か月完全無料体験・学習相談受付中
最大1か月の完全無料体験をご案内
学校教材・学力・目標に合わせた個別指導
入塾前に授業の進め方や講師との相性をお確かめください。
学校英語・定期テスト・英検の学習相談にも対応します。
保護者様の教育相談も無料で承ります。
1.学年 2. 学習目標 3.体験ご希望をお送りください。
体験の期間・回数・担当講師・日程は、ご希望と受付状況を確認してご案内します。
慶英会 塾長｜慶應義塾大学卒・英検1級。中高一貫校の学校英語・NEW TREASURE・英検対策を専門としています。塾長の経歴・指導方針を確認する