慶英会 塾長｜慶應義塾大学卒・英検1級
中高一貫校の学校英語・NEW TREASURE・英検対策を専門とするオンライン個別指導塾です。塾長紹介
慶英会独自・英検1級語彙【第45セット】。副詞・限定表現を中心に、語句空所22問、言い換え12問、独自ミニ長文8問の全42問・168択を無料掲載しました。inadvertently / ostensibly / disproportionately / unequivocally / empirically / implicitlyなど、英文の確実性・証拠の強さ・時系列を正確に読むための教材です。
英検協会による1級Readingの短文語句空所は22問です（公式試験内容）。本教材は慶英会が独自制作した短文22問と補助の20問で、公式過去問ではありません。
次の無料教材：語彙第46セット｜学術評論の上級形容詞42問。初見で演習し、解答の根拠と間違えた理由まで確認してください。
上級副詞は意味の強さで整理する
- ostensibly / purportedly：表向きの説明や未確認の主張を示す。
- unequivocally / tentatively：明確な断定と暫定の区別。
- marginally / substantially：小さな差と大きな差の区別。
- implicitly / explicitly：暗示と明示の区別。
- subsequently / concurrently：前後関係と同時進行の区別。
第1部｜上級副詞の短文空所22問
Q1
The archive _____ published an identifiable photograph when a private file was included in the public export.
- A. subsequently
- B. meticulously
- C. inadvertently
- D. explicitly
Q2
The program was _____ designed to improve accessibility, yet its application required a costly smartphone.
- A. ostensibly
- B. retrospectively
- C. purportedly
- D. conceivably
Q3
A fixed reporting fee could affect small suppliers _____, even if every business paid the same amount.
- A. marginally
- B. provisionally
- C. cumulatively
- D. disproportionately
Q4
The safety officer stated _____ that the damaged lift must remain closed until a qualified inspection was finished.
- A. substantially
- B. unequivocally
- C. systematically
- D. independently
Q5
The committee _____ agreed to meet on Friday, subject to confirmation that the interpreter was available.
- A. empirically
- B. tentatively
- C. erroneously
- D. concurrently
Q6
The sensor was recalibrated in March, and the research team _____ repeated the measurements in April.
- A. sporadically
- B. implicitly
- C. inadvertently
- D. subsequently
Q7
Researchers examined the archived records _____ to determine whether earlier policy changes had affected participation.
- A. retrospectively
- B. meticulously
- C. explicitly
- D. ostensibly
Q8
The updated design reduced total maintenance costs only _____, by less than one percent, rather than substantially.
- A. purportedly
- B. conceivably
- C. marginally
- D. disproportionately
Q9
The new procedures _____ reduced the average delay, cutting it from forty minutes to ten.
- A. provisionally
- B. cumulatively
- C. unequivocally
- D. substantially
Q10
Officials wanted the claimed noise reduction to be tested _____, using comparable observations rather than assumptions.
- A. systematically
- B. empirically
- C. independently
- D. tentatively
Q11
The backup generator failed _____ over several months, with long intervals of normal operation between incidents.
- A. erroneously
- B. concurrently
- C. sporadically
- D. subsequently
Q12
Before returning the fragile manuscript, conservators _____ checked each page for signs of damage.
- A. meticulously
- B. implicitly
- C. inadvertently
- D. retrospectively
Q13
The painting was _____ created in the seventeenth century, but the museum had not verified its provenance.
- A. purportedly
- B. explicitly
- C. ostensibly
- D. marginally
Q14
The building will be _____ listed as a possible heritage site until the historical records are reviewed.
- A. conceivably
- B. disproportionately
- C. provisionally
- D. substantially
Q15
The investigators _____ compared each supplier’s figures using the same calculation boundaries.
- A. cumulatively
- B. systematically
- C. unequivocally
- D. empirically
Q16
An automated caption _____ identified the word might as will, making an uncertain claim sound definite.
- A. independently
- B. tentatively
- C. sporadically
- D. erroneously
Q17
By refusing to disclose the assumptions, the report _____ suggested that its estimate was more certain than the evidence justified.
- A. concurrently
- B. subsequently
- C. implicitly
- D. meticulously
Q18
The contract _____ states that permission to store the recording does not authorize publication.
- A. inadvertently
- B. explicitly
- C. retrospectively
- D. purportedly
Q19
The new schedule could _____ improve access for evening workers, although no trial has tested that possibility.
- A. ostensibly
- B. marginally
- C. provisionally
- D. conceivably
Q20
Small annual maintenance delays can _____ create substantial repair costs over a decade.
- A. cumulatively
- B. disproportionately
- C. substantially
- D. systematically
Q21
Two laboratories _____ analyzed the same samples so that the results could be compared without coordination.
- A. unequivocally
- B. independently
- C. empirically
- D. erroneously
Q22
The library renovated its entrance while _____ preparing digital materials for remote learners.
- A. tentatively
- B. sporadically
- C. concurrently
- D. implicitly
第2部｜意味を保つ言い換え12問
Q23
The report was ostensibly independent.
- A. It was proved entirely impartial.
- B. It was openly controlled by government.
- C. It was presented as independent, though appearances may differ.
- D. It could not be read.
Q24
The revised fee disproportionately harmed small firms.
- A. Small firms bore a relatively greater burden.
- B. Every firm had identical financial capacity.
- C. Small businesses received a guaranteed refund.
- D. The fee was abolished nationwide.
Q25
The museum provisionally accepted the date.
- A. The date was established beyond doubt.
- B. The date was treated as an estimate pending review.
- C. The date was rejected as impossible.
- D. The museum destroyed the record.
Q26
The evidence was assessed retrospectively.
- A. The analysis was performed before any events.
- B. The data had no dates.
- C. The study was purely prospective.
- D. The investigators looked back at past records.
Q27
The difference was marginal.
- A. It had an enormous effect.
- B. It was not measured at all.
- C. It was relatively small.
- D. It was illegal.
Q28
The description was unequivocal.
- A. It left little room for multiple interpretations.
- B. It contained contradictory dates.
- C. It was expressed only indirectly.
- D. It was still under review.
Q29
The two events occurred concurrently.
- A. They occurred decades apart.
- B. They happened at the same time.
- C. The earlier one caused the other.
- D. Neither event happened.
Q30
The results were empirically verified.
- A. They were accepted without evidence.
- B. They were invented as examples.
- C. No measurements were recorded.
- D. They were checked with observable data.
Q31
The experts meticulously reviewed the source.
- A. They ignored every detail.
- B. They made only a quick guess.
- C. They examined it with great care.
- D. They avoided examining the original.
Q32
The study purportedly established a new effect.
- A. It was said to show the effect, but the claim was not independently confirmed.
- B. The effect was impossible by definition.
- C. Every researcher rejected the statement.
- D. The study was never mentioned.
Q33
The policy implicitly favors online applicants.
- A. The advantage is guaranteed legal equality.
- B. Its design creates an advantage without directly stating one.
- C. It explicitly bans online applications.
- D. It has no effect on access.
Q34
The error occurred inadvertently.
- A. The error was made deliberately.
- B. It was an accurate correction.
- C. No mistake occurred.
- D. The mistake was unintentional.
第3部｜独自ミニ長文4篇・8問
ミニ長文1
A fictional coastal museum purportedly owned a rare document from the early nineteenth century. However, its accession record lacked a reliable transfer history. Staff provisionally listed the date and meticulously compared source labels before preparing an exhibition. They explicitly distinguished verified claims from unresolved interpretations.
Q35
What was uncertain about the document?
- A. It had already been destroyed.
- B. The museum banned research.
- C. Its provenance and claimed date had not been fully verified.
- D. Every historical date was known to be false.
Q36
How did staff communicate uncertainty?
- A. They separated verified details from estimates.
- B. They erased all records.
- C. They claimed that no corrections were possible.
- D. They denied the existence of source labels.
ミニ長文2
A city introduced a mobile appointment service ostensibly to improve access, but applicants needed relatively expensive devices. The policy disproportionately affected residents without reliable internet. Officials retrospectively examined failed applications and considered keeping staffed booking channels open.
Q37
Why is the policy’s effect questioned?
- A. All residents own identical devices.
- B. Some intended beneficiaries faced higher access barriers.
- C. No appointment records existed.
- D. Staff refused to review applications.
Q38
What will officials examine?
- A. Only the number of advertising views.
- B. Only successful bookings.
- C. A guaranteed rise in income.
- D. Previous failed applications and practical alternatives.
ミニ長文3
A university’s solar pilot produced slightly more electricity than its earlier design. The improvement was marginal and fluctuated with weather. Researchers tested the system independently and reported the evidence cautiously rather than describing the outcome as unequivocally successful.
Q39
What was the magnitude of the improvement?
- A. It was more than tenfold.
- B. The output was unchanged forever.
- C. It was small and affected by conditions.
- D. It guaranteed major savings.
Q40
Why did researchers avoid a strong conclusion?
- A. Weather and independent testing showed limited evidence.
- B. All electricity meters were deleted.
- C. Every weather condition was identical.
- D. The project had been permanently canceled.
ミニ長文4
An emergency authority was preparing backup radio channels concurrently with repairing the primary network. Engineers systematically tested each location and discovered intermittent failures that occurred only sporadically. The final report explicitly explained which communities still needed better reception.
Q41
How were the two activities scheduled?
- A. One began decades after the other.
- B. They were carried out in parallel.
- C. They were prohibited from occurring together.
- D. Neither was planned.
Q42
What did the tests reveal?
- A. Every location had perfect reception.
- B. All radios had been removed.
- C. The network had never operated.
- D. Some failures occurred irregularly at particular locations.
全42問の正答・日本語訳・全88語義
短文22問｜全文和訳・各4択の意味
Q1：C inadvertently。全文訳：資料館は私的ファイルを公開用に混ぜてしまい意図せず識別可能な写真を公開した。根拠：inadvertently published＝意図せず公表した。各選択肢：A subsequently＝その後に／B meticulously＝細部まで注意深く／C inadvertently＝意図せず・不注意で／D explicitly＝明確に・明示的に
Q2：A ostensibly。全文訳：制度は表向きアクセシビリティ向上を目指したが申請に高価なスマートフォンが必要だった。根拠：ostensibly designed＝表向きはその目的とされる。各選択肢：A ostensibly＝表向きは・一見すると／B retrospectively＝振り返って・事後的に／C purportedly＝〜とされる・伝えられるところでは／D conceivably＝考えられる範囲では・ひょっとすると
Q3：D disproportionately。全文訳：一律の報告手数料は同額でも小規模業者に不釣り合いに大きく影響し得る。根拠：disproportionately affect＝均等に見える制度の負担が不均衡。各選択肢：A marginally＝わずかに／B provisionally＝仮に・暫定的に／C cumulatively＝累積的に・合計して／D disproportionately＝不釣り合いに・過度に
Q4：B unequivocally。全文訳：安全担当者は有資格検査が終わるまで故障したエレベーターを閉鎖すると明確に述べた。根拠：unequivocally stated＝疑いなくはっきり述べる。各選択肢：A substantially＝大幅に・実質的に／B unequivocally＝曖昧さなく・断固として／C systematically＝体系的に・組織立てて／D independently＝独立して
Q5：B tentatively。全文訳：通訳の予定が確認できることを条件に委員会は金曜日の会合に暫定合意した。根拠：tentatively agreed＝未確定の仮合意。各選択肢：A empirically＝実測・経験的証拠に基づいて／B tentatively＝暫定的に／C erroneously＝誤って／D concurrently＝同時並行で
Q6：D subsequently。全文訳：センサーは3月に再校正されその後研究班が4月に測定を繰り返した。根拠：subsequently＝時間的に後で。各選択肢：A sporadically＝散発的に・不規則に／B implicitly＝暗に・明言せずに／C inadvertently＝意図せず・不注意で／D subsequently＝その後に
Q7：A retrospectively。全文訳：研究者は過去の政策変更が参加に影響したかを事後的に記録から調べた。根拠：retrospectively＝過去を振り返って分析。各選択肢：A retrospectively＝振り返って・事後的に／B meticulously＝細部まで注意深く／C explicitly＝明確に・明示的に／D ostensibly＝表向きは・一見すると
Q8：C marginally。全文訳：改定設計による総保守費の削減は1％未満で、わずかにとどまった。根拠：marginally＝ごく小幅に。各選択肢：A purportedly＝〜とされる・伝えられるところでは／B conceivably＝考えられる範囲では・ひょっとすると／C marginally＝わずかに／D disproportionately＝不釣り合いに・過度に
Q9：D substantially。全文訳：新手順は平均遅延を40分から10分に短縮して大幅に減らした。根拠：substantially＝程度が大きい。各選択肢：A provisionally＝仮に・暫定的に／B cumulatively＝累積的に・合計して／C unequivocally＝曖昧さなく・断固として／D substantially＝大幅に・実質的に
Q10：B empirically。全文訳：当局は推測ではなく比較可能な実測を使って騒音削減の主張を経験的に検証したいと考えた。根拠：empirically tested＝観測データで検証。各選択肢：A systematically＝体系的に・組織立てて／B empirically＝実測・経験的証拠に基づいて／C independently＝独立して／D tentatively＝暫定的に
Q11：C sporadically。全文訳：予備発電機は数か月にわたり散発的に故障し、その間は長く正常稼働した。根拠：sporadically＝時々不規則に。各選択肢：A erroneously＝誤って／B concurrently＝同時並行で／C sporadically＝散発的に・不規則に／D subsequently＝その後に
Q12：A meticulously。全文訳：修復担当者は壊れやすい写本を返す前に全ページの損傷を入念に確認した。根拠：meticulously＝細部まで丁寧に。各選択肢：A meticulously＝細部まで注意深く／B implicitly＝暗に・明言せずに／C inadvertently＝意図せず・不注意で／D retrospectively＝振り返って・事後的に
Q13：A purportedly。全文訳：絵画は17世紀制作とされていたが博物館は来歴を検証していなかった。根拠：purportedly＝主張はあるが未検証である含意。各選択肢：A purportedly＝〜とされる・伝えられるところでは／B explicitly＝明確に・明示的に／C ostensibly＝表向きは・一見すると／D marginally＝わずかに
Q14：C provisionally。全文訳：歴史資料が確認されるまで建物は暫定的に文化財候補として登録される。根拠：provisionally listed＝最終確定前の仮登録。各選択肢：A conceivably＝考えられる範囲では・ひょっとすると／B disproportionately＝不釣り合いに・過度に／C provisionally＝仮に・暫定的に／D substantially＝大幅に・実質的に
Q15：B systematically。全文訳：調査員は算定範囲を揃えて各業者の数値を体系的に比較した。根拠：systematically＝一定手順に従って。各選択肢：A cumulatively＝累積的に・合計して／B systematically＝体系的に・組織立てて／C unequivocally＝曖昧さなく・断固として／D empirically＝実測・経験的証拠に基づいて
Q16：D erroneously。全文訳：自動字幕はmightをwillと誤認し不確実な主張を断定のようにした。根拠：erroneously＝誤認・誤操作によって。各選択肢：A independently＝独立して／B tentatively＝暫定的に／C sporadically＝散発的に・不規則に／D erroneously＝誤って
Q17：C implicitly。全文訳：前提を開示しない報告は実際以上に推計が確かであることを暗に示した。根拠：implicitly＝明示しない形で意味を含ませる。各選択肢：A concurrently＝同時並行で／B subsequently＝その後に／C implicitly＝暗に・明言せずに／D meticulously＝細部まで注意深く
Q18：B explicitly。全文訳：契約は録音保存の許可が公開を認めるわけではないことを明示している。根拠：explicitly states＝文言として明確に書く。各選択肢：A inadvertently＝意図せず・不注意で／B explicitly＝明確に・明示的に／C retrospectively＝振り返って・事後的に／D purportedly＝〜とされる・伝えられるところでは
Q19：D conceivably。全文訳：試行はないものの新時刻表は夜勤者のアクセスを改善し得ると考えられる。根拠：conceivably could＝可能性を控えめに述べる。各選択肢：A ostensibly＝表向きは・一見すると／B marginally＝わずかに／C provisionally＝仮に・暫定的に／D conceivably＝考えられる範囲では・ひょっとすると
Q20：A cumulatively。全文訳：毎年のわずかな保守遅れは累積すると10年間で大きな修繕費になり得る。根拠：cumulatively＝積み重なった結果。各選択肢：A cumulatively＝累積的に・合計して／B disproportionately＝不釣り合いに・過度に／C substantially＝大幅に・実質的に／D systematically＝体系的に・組織立てて
Q21：B independently。全文訳：二つの研究所は調整に頼らず同じ試料を独立して分析した。根拠：independently analyzed＝独立して分析。各選択肢：A unequivocally＝曖昧さなく・断固として／B independently＝独立して／C empirically＝実測・経験的証拠に基づいて／D erroneously＝誤って
Q22：C concurrently。全文訳：図書館は入口改修と同時並行で遠隔学習者向けデジタル教材を準備した。根拠：concurrently＝同時に進行する。各選択肢：A tentatively＝暫定的に／B sporadically＝散発的に・不規則に／C concurrently＝同時並行で／D implicitly＝暗に・明言せずに
言い換え12問｜断定・限定の違い
Q23：C It was presented as independent, though appearances may differ.。理由：ostensibly＝表向きはそうとされる。 誤答では断定・範囲・時系列や主体の意味が変わります。
Q24：A Small firms bore a relatively greater burden.。理由：同一額でも負担率は違う。 誤答では断定・範囲・時系列や主体の意味が変わります。
Q25：B The date was treated as an estimate pending review.。理由：provisionally＝仮の認定。 誤答では断定・範囲・時系列や主体の意味が変わります。
Q26：D The investigators looked back at past records.。理由：retrospectivelyは事後の振り返り。 誤答では断定・範囲・時系列や主体の意味が変わります。
Q27：C It was relatively small.。理由：marginally＝わずか。 誤答では断定・範囲・時系列や主体の意味が変わります。
Q28：A It left little room for multiple interpretations.。理由：unequivocally＝曖昧さなく。 誤答では断定・範囲・時系列や主体の意味が変わります。
Q29：B They happened at the same time.。理由：concurrently＝同時に。 誤答では断定・範囲・時系列や主体の意味が変わります。
Q30：D They were checked with observable data.。理由：empirically＝実測・経験データに基づく。 誤答では断定・範囲・時系列や主体の意味が変わります。
Q31：C They examined it with great care.。理由：meticulously＝入念に。 誤答では断定・範囲・時系列や主体の意味が変わります。
Q32：A It was said to show the effect, but the claim was not independently confirmed.。理由：purportedly＝そう主張されるが確証はない。 誤答では断定・範囲・時系列や主体の意味が変わります。
Q33：B Its design creates an advantage without directly stating one.。理由：implicitly＝暗に。 誤答では断定・範囲・時系列や主体の意味が変わります。
Q34：D The mistake was unintentional.。理由：inadvertently＝意図しない誤り。 誤答では断定・範囲・時系列や主体の意味が変わります。
ミニ長文8問｜本文根拠
Q35：C Its provenance and claimed date had not been fully verified.。根拠：purportedlyとprovisionallyが未検証を表す。
Q36：A They separated verified details from estimates.。根拠：確認済みと推定を区別。
Q37：B Some intended beneficiaries faced higher access barriers.。根拠：目的と実際の障壁に食い違いがある。
Q38：D Previous failed applications and practical alternatives.。根拠：失敗した申請も評価。
Q39：C It was small and affected by conditions.。根拠：marginal＝わずかな差。
Q40：A Weather and independent testing showed limited evidence.。根拠：少数のデータから強い主張をしない。
Q41：B They were carried out in parallel.。根拠：concurrently＝同時進行。
Q42：D Some failures occurred irregularly at particular locations.。根拠：sporadically＝散発的に。
語彙を7日間で定着させる
- 最初に新しい副詞と、その反対・類義表現を対にする。
- 翌日、英語の語義を隠して自分で意味を説明する。
- 3日後、同じ事実を確実・暫定の二通りで英文にする。
- 7日後、初見の英文でどの副詞が自然か再判断する。
FAQ
ostensiblyとpurportedlyはどう違いますか？
どちらも主張と事実に距離を置く表現ですが、ostensiblyは表向きの理由や外見に、purportedlyは伝えられた主張の未確認性に焦点があることが多いです。
tentativelyとunequivocallyは反対ですか？
tentativelyは暫定的に、unequivocallyは曖昧さなく明確に、という違いがあります。
この42問は英検公式問題ですか？
いいえ。慶英会が独自制作した練習問題です。
関連教材
参考公式情報
英文・選択肢・日本語訳・解答は慶英会が独自制作した非公式教材です。団体や調査は架空の練習事例です。
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