慶英会 塾長｜慶應義塾大学卒・英検1級
中高一貫校の学校英語・NEW TREASURE・英検対策を専門とするオンライン個別指導塾です。塾長紹介
英検1級語彙第46セット・慶英会独自問題。学術評論や複雑な社会問題を理解する上級形容詞22問、意味を保つ言い換え12問、独自長文8問、合計42問・168択。specious・onerous・tacit・trenchant・parsimonious・incontrovertibleなどの語と英語の自然な用法を全解答・和訳で学習します。
英検1級Readingの短文語句空所は公式では22問です（日本英語検定協会の1級試験内容）。本教材は22問に加えて言い換え12問・読解8問を用意した慶英会独自演習で、公式過去問の転載ではありません。
続きの無料教材：語彙第47セット｜学術語42問・全168択。初見で解いた後、正答根拠と誤答の理由まで確認してください。
このセットで覚えるニュアンス
- specious（もっともらしいが実質は誤り）とcredible（根拠が信頼できる）の差。
- tacit（暗黙の）とexplicit（明示的な）の差。
- equivocal（曖昧な）とunequivocal（明確な）の差。
- cursory（表面的な）とmeticulous（細部まで注意した）の差。
- incipient（初期の）とirreversible（元に戻せない）の差。
第1部｜上級形容詞の短文語句空所22問
Q1
The committee rejected a _____ argument that sounded convincing but ignored the actual maintenance records.
- A. specious
- B. rigorous
- C. conclusive
- D. transparent
Q2
Small charities said the new monthly reporting rules would impose an _____ administrative burden.
- A. negligible
- B. onerous
- C. incidental
- D. voluntary
Q3
The absence of objections was treated as _____ approval, although nobody had signed a formal agreement.
- A. explicit
- B. unanimous
- C. tacit
- D. binding
Q4
Her _____ criticism identified the exact assumptions that made the investment estimate unreliable.
- A. ambivalent
- B. perfunctory
- C. deferential
- D. trenchant
Q5
The investigators preferred the more _____ explanation because it accounted for the observations with fewer unsupported assumptions.
- A. parsimonious
- B. elaborate
- C. extraneous
- D. contradictory
Q6
The bright advertising panel was _____ with the historic streetscape and drew complaints from residents.
- A. compatible
- B. incongruous
- C. customary
- D. integral
Q7
The minister gave an _____ answer, leaving it unclear whether the pilot would continue.
- A. unequivocal
- B. decisive
- C. equivocal
- D. definitive
Q8
The original signed receipts provided _____ evidence that the museum had paid for the equipment.
- A. anecdotal
- B. tentative
- C. circumstantial
- D. incontrovertible
Q9
A _____ inspection that lasted only two minutes failed to identify corrosion beneath the cover.
- A. cursory
- B. meticulous
- C. exhaustive
- D. comprehensive
Q10
A _____ contractor repeatedly ignored reasonable requests to document safety checks.
- A. cooperative
- B. recalcitrant
- C. compliant
- D. conscientious
Q11
Her _____ warning about future storage costs was later confirmed when the archive’s servers became obsolete.
- A. irrelevant
- B. belated
- C. prescient
- D. perfunctory
Q12
The article was described as a _____ contribution because it shaped an entirely new field of research.
- A. peripheral
- B. derivative
- C. redundant
- D. seminal
Q13
The cost of replacing every bridge immediately would be _____ for the municipality’s limited budget.
- A. prohibitive
- B. manageable
- C. nominal
- D. trivial
Q14
Residents criticized the _____ changes to parking rules because decisions appeared to depend on each official’s mood.
- A. consistent
- B. capricious
- C. systematic
- D. proportionate
Q15
The report highlighted a _____ distinction between downloaded forms and applications actually completed.
- A. incidental
- B. negligible
- C. salient
- D. peripheral
Q16
The proposed causal link was _____ because the survey included only a handful of similar households.
- A. robust
- B. well-established
- C. incontrovertible
- D. tenuous
Q17
The audit found _____ failures across several departments rather than an isolated mistake in one office.
- A. pervasive
- B. sporadic
- C. localized
- D. negligible
Q18
The inspectors noticed _____ signs of deterioration before any major cracks appeared.
- A. irreversible
- B. incipient
- C. conclusive
- D. advanced
Q19
The removal of the original inscriptions would cause _____ changes to the historic monument.
- A. temporary
- B. reversible
- C. irreversible
- D. provisional
Q20
The committee’s approval remained _____ on an independent review of the facility’s evacuation routes.
- A. unconditional
- B. permanent
- C. automatic
- D. contingent
Q21
The researchers kept _____ records of instrument settings so that later teams could repeat the measurements.
- A. meticulous
- B. haphazard
- C. incomplete
- D. perfunctory
Q22
The additional photographs offered _____ evidence supporting the witnesses’ account without establishing every detail.
- A. contradictory
- B. corroborative
- C. specious
- D. irrelevant
第2部｜意味を保持する言い換え12問
Q23
The argument was specious.
- A. It was carefully verified.
- B. It was irrelevant to the matter.
- C. It appeared persuasive but rested on flawed reasoning.
- D. It was universally accepted.
Q24
The compliance requirements were onerous.
- A. They imposed a heavy burden.
- B. They required no effort.
- C. They were purely voluntary.
- D. They had already been abolished.
Q25
The committee gave tacit approval.
- A. It signed a detailed legal agreement.
- B. It indicated acceptance without expressly saying so.
- C. It explicitly prohibited the plan.
- D. It voted unanimously in public.
Q26
The review contained trenchant criticism.
- A. It consisted only of praise.
- B. It was unrelated to evidence.
- C. It avoided the central issue.
- D. It sharply identified major weaknesses.
Q27
The explanation was parsimonious.
- A. It required many unverifiable assumptions.
- B. It was necessarily false.
- C. It relied on relatively few unnecessary assumptions.
- D. It contained no reasoning.
Q28
The addition looked incongruous.
- A. It did not fit well with its surroundings.
- B. It perfectly matched the original design.
- C. It was hidden from view.
- D. It was guaranteed safe.
Q29
The official’s answer was equivocal.
- A. It was fully transparent.
- B. It left the intended meaning uncertain.
- C. It was supported by signed evidence.
- D. It was a legally binding contract.
Q30
The evidence was incontrovertible.
- A. It came from one unverified rumor.
- B. It was still under initial review.
- C. It was unrelated to the claim.
- D. It could not reasonably be disputed.
Q31
The inspection was cursory.
- A. It was conducted over several months.
- B. It checked every hidden component.
- C. It was quick and superficial.
- D. It was entirely independent.
Q32
The supplier was recalcitrant.
- A. It resisted reasonable instructions and cooperation.
- B. It was consistently helpful.
- C. It met every request promptly.
- D. It volunteered additional records.
Q33
The warning proved prescient.
- A. It was made only after the incident.
- B. It accurately anticipated a later development.
- C. It directly caused the incident.
- D. It contradicted all future events.
Q34
The paper was seminal.
- A. It had never been read.
- B. It merely repeated a minor detail.
- C. It was excluded from the field.
- D. It strongly influenced subsequent work.
第3部｜独自ミニ長文4篇・8問
ミニ長文1
A fictional city proposed replacing an aging bus depot. The supplier offered a specious estimate that omitted major maintenance costs, while independent engineers presented a more parsimonious explanation of why existing equipment had failed. Officials postponed the purchase until assumptions could be checked.
Q35
Why did officials question the supplier’s estimate?
- A. It accounted for every possible cost.
- B. It was a legally binding safety certificate.
- C. It appeared persuasive but omitted important costs.
- D. It was calculated by two independent auditors.
Q36
What distinguished the engineers’ account?
- A. It used fewer unsupported assumptions.
- B. It made a guarantee of no future failures.
- C. It was based only on advertising.
- D. It required no evidence.
ミニ長文2
A university archive retained the original labels of donated photographs. One curator noticed an incongruous reference to a building completed decades after the alleged picture date. The team gave provisional rather than unequivocal approval to the catalogue entry and invited further evidence.
Q37
What made the catalogue entry questionable?
- A. The museum was already closed.
- B. The building reference did not fit the claimed date.
- C. All photographs had vanished.
- D. The university lacked archivists.
Q38
What was the entry’s status?
- A. It was declared incontrovertible.
- B. It was erased immediately.
- C. It had been transferred to another museum.
- D. It remained subject to further verification.
ミニ長文3
A research group detected incipient cracks in a retaining wall. Its warning was initially dismissed as speculative, but subsequent tests produced corroborative measurements and more visible damage. The team recommended a controlled repair before deterioration became irreversible.
Q39
What did the early observations show?
- A. The wall had already been replaced.
- B. All previous inspections were fraudulent.
- C. Small signs of a developing structural problem.
- D. The cracks were guaranteed harmless.
Q40
Why did the group recommend early repair?
- A. Later deterioration could become impossible to reverse.
- B. No repair methods existed.
- C. The observations could never be repeated.
- D. The team wanted to stop all monitoring.
ミニ長文4
A coastal conservation program received tacit support from some residents but faced onerous reporting conditions from its funder. After a trenchant review identified conflicting responsibilities, administrators revised the rules. They later documented the changes so community groups could examine them.
Q41
What did the funder’s conditions involve?
- A. No paperwork at all.
- B. A substantial administrative burden.
- C. A complete exemption from monitoring.
- D. An automatic increase in every grant.
Q42
How did the critical review help?
- A. It confirmed that every rule was already clear.
- B. It encouraged administrators to conceal differences.
- C. It prevented future consultation.
- D. It identified major weaknesses that could be addressed.
全42問の答えと英文・語義解説
Q1〜22｜全文和訳・全88択の語義
Q1：A specious。全文訳：委員会は説得力があるように聞こえても保守記録を無視した見せかけの議論を退けた。理由：specious argument＝外見は説得力があるが実質が弱い4択の意味：A specious＝一見もっともらしいが誤った／B rigorous＝厳密な／C conclusive＝決定的な／D transparent＝透明な
Q2：B onerous。全文訳：小規模慈善団体は毎月の報告義務が過大な事務負担になると述べた。理由：onerous burden＝重すぎる負担4択の意味：A negligible＝無視できるほど小さい／B onerous＝重荷となる／C incidental＝付随的な／D voluntary＝自発的な
Q3：C tacit。全文訳：正式合意がないのに異議がないことを暗黙の承認と扱った。理由：tacit approval＝明示されない黙示の承認4択の意味：A explicit＝明示的な／B unanimous＝全員一致の／C tacit＝暗黙の／D binding＝法的拘束力のある
Q4：D trenchant。全文訳：彼女の鋭い批判は見積りを不確かにする前提を正確に指摘した。理由：trenchant criticism＝鋭く本質を突く批評4択の意味：A ambivalent＝相反する感情の／B perfunctory＝通り一遍の／C deferential＝敬意を払う／D trenchant＝鋭く核心を突く
Q5：A parsimonious。全文訳：調査員は根拠のない前提が少ない簡潔な説明を好んだ。理由：parsimonious explanation＝仮定の少ない説明4択の意味：A parsimonious＝余分な前提が少ない・簡潔な／B elaborate＝複雑で手の込んだ／C extraneous＝無関係な／D contradictory＝矛盾した
Q6：B incongruous。全文訳：明るい広告板は歴史的な街並みに不釣り合いで住民から苦情が出た。理由：incongruous with＝〜と不調和4択の意味：A compatible＝相性の良い／B incongruous＝調和しない／C customary＝慣例的な／D integral＝不可欠な
Q7：C equivocal。全文訳：大臣の曖昧な返答では試行を続けるか分からなかった。理由：equivocal answer＝曖昧な答え4択の意味：A unequivocal＝明確で疑いのない／B decisive＝決定的な／C equivocal＝曖昧で複数に解釈できる／D definitive＝最終的な
Q8：D incontrovertible。全文訳：署名された原本の領収書は博物館が機器代を支払った確かな証拠となった。理由：incontrovertible evidence＝論争の余地がない証拠4択の意味：A anecdotal＝逸話に基づく／B tentative＝暫定的な／C circumstantial＝状況証拠の／D incontrovertible＝反論の余地のない
Q9：A cursory。全文訳：わずか2分の表面的な検査でカバー下の腐食を見落とした。理由：cursory inspection＝ざっとした点検4択の意味：A cursory＝表面的な・粗略な／B meticulous＝入念な／C exhaustive＝徹底した／D comprehensive＝包括的な
Q10：B recalcitrant。全文訳：頑固に応じない業者は安全点検の記録を求める合理的依頼を繰り返し無視した。理由：recalcitrant contractor＝扱いが難しい・指示に反抗する業者4択の意味：A cooperative＝協力的な／B recalcitrant＝言うことを聞かない・反抗的な／C compliant＝規則を守る／D conscientious＝良心的な
Q11：C prescient。全文訳：資料館のサーバーが陳腐化した時、彼女の先見的な保管費用の警告が裏付けられた。理由：prescient warning＝将来を正確に見通した警告4択の意味：A irrelevant＝無関係な／B belated＝遅すぎる／C prescient＝先見の明がある／D perfunctory＝おざなりの
Q12：D seminal。全文訳：その論文は新しい研究分野を形作った重要な先駆的貢献と評された。理由：seminal contribution＝後続研究に大きく影響する業績4択の意味：A peripheral＝周辺的な／B derivative＝派生的な／C redundant＝重複する／D seminal＝独創的で大きな影響を与えた
Q13：A prohibitive。全文訳：全橋を一度に交換する費用は自治体の限られた予算では高すぎた。理由：prohibitive cost＝高額すぎて実施困難4択の意味：A prohibitive＝高すぎて実行を妨げる／B manageable＝管理可能な／C nominal＝名目上の・ごく少額の／D trivial＝些細な
Q14：B capricious。全文訳：担当者の気分に左右されるような恣意的な駐車規則変更が批判された。理由：capricious changes＝気まぐれな変更4択の意味：A consistent＝一貫した／B capricious＝気まぐれで恣意的な／C systematic＝体系的な／D proportionate＝比例的な
Q15：C salient。全文訳：報告書は書式のダウンロードと完了した申請との重要な違いを強調した。理由：salient distinction＝重要な区別4択の意味：A incidental＝付随的な／B negligible＝無視できる／C salient＝重要で目立つ／D peripheral＝周辺的な
Q16：D tenuous。全文訳：似た世帯がわずかしかない調査からの因果関係は根拠が弱かった。理由：tenuous link＝薄弱な結び付き4択の意味：A robust＝強固な／B well-established＝十分確立した／C incontrovertible＝反論不能な／D tenuous＝根拠が弱く不確かな
Q17：A pervasive。全文訳：監査では一部署だけでなく複数部門に広く及ぶ問題が見つかった。理由：pervasive failures＝広範囲の不具合4択の意味：A pervasive＝広範囲に行き渡った／B sporadic＝散発的な／C localized＝局所的な／D negligible＝微小な
Q18：B incipient。全文訳：大きな亀裂が出る前に検査員は劣化の初期兆候に気付いた。理由：incipient signs＝初期の兆候4択の意味：A irreversible＝不可逆の／B incipient＝初期の・芽生え始めた／C conclusive＝決定的な／D advanced＝進行した
Q19：C irreversible。全文訳：元の刻文を取り除けば歴史的記念物に元へ戻せない変更が生じる。理由：irreversible changes＝不可逆の変更4択の意味：A temporary＝一時的な／B reversible＝元に戻せる／C irreversible＝元に戻せない／D provisional＝暫定的な
Q20：D contingent。全文訳：委員会の承認は施設の避難経路の独立審査を条件とした。理由：contingent on＝〜を条件とする4択の意味：A unconditional＝無条件の／B permanent＝永久の／C automatic＝自動的な／D contingent＝条件付きの
Q21：A meticulous。全文訳：後の研究班が再測定できるよう研究者は機器設定の入念な記録を残した。理由：meticulous records＝細部まで注意した記録4択の意味：A meticulous＝細部まで入念な／B haphazard＝行き当たりばったりの／C incomplete＝不完全な／D perfunctory＝おざなりの
Q22：B corroborative。全文訳：追加写真は細部すべての証明には至らないが証言を裏付ける証拠だった。理由：corroborative evidence＝別の主張を補強する証拠4択の意味：A contradictory＝矛盾する／B corroborative＝裏付けとなる／C specious＝一見もっともらしいだけの／D irrelevant＝無関係な
Q23〜34｜言い換えと誤答の違い
Q23：C It appeared persuasive but rested on flawed reasoning.。解説：specious＝外見上はもっともらしいが不健全。 他の選択肢は意味の強さ・時制・主体などが異なります。
Q24：A They imposed a heavy burden.。解説：onerous＝負担が重い。 他の選択肢は意味の強さ・時制・主体などが異なります。
Q25：B It indicated acceptance without expressly saying so.。解説：tacit＝暗黙の。 他の選択肢は意味の強さ・時制・主体などが異なります。
Q26：D It sharply identified major weaknesses.。解説：trenchant＝核心に鋭く切り込む。 他の選択肢は意味の強さ・時制・主体などが異なります。
Q27：C It relied on relatively few unnecessary assumptions.。解説：parsimonious＝前提を節約した説明。 他の選択肢は意味の強さ・時制・主体などが異なります。
Q28：A It did not fit well with its surroundings.。解説：incongruous＝調和しない。 他の選択肢は意味の強さ・時制・主体などが異なります。
Q29：B It left the intended meaning uncertain.。解説：equivocal＝曖昧で明確でない。 他の選択肢は意味の強さ・時制・主体などが異なります。
Q30：D It could not reasonably be disputed.。解説：incontrovertible＝異論の余地がない。 他の選択肢は意味の強さ・時制・主体などが異なります。
Q31：C It was quick and superficial.。解説：cursory＝ざっと済ませた。 他の選択肢は意味の強さ・時制・主体などが異なります。
Q32：A It resisted reasonable instructions and cooperation.。解説：recalcitrant＝従わず反抗的。 他の選択肢は意味の強さ・時制・主体などが異なります。
Q33：B It accurately anticipated a later development.。解説：prescient＝先見的。 他の選択肢は意味の強さ・時制・主体などが異なります。
Q34：D It strongly influenced subsequent work.。解説：seminal＝後続の研究の基礎となる。 他の選択肢は意味の強さ・時制・主体などが異なります。
Q35〜42｜ミニ長文と本文の根拠
Q35：C It appeared persuasive but omitted important costs.。根拠：もっともらしく見えても保守費が欠けている。
Q36：A It used fewer unsupported assumptions.。根拠：parsimoniousの少ない前提。
Q37：B The building reference did not fit the claimed date.。根拠：写真の日付と建物の完成年が整合しない。
Q38：D It remained subject to further verification.。根拠：provisional approvalは未確定。
Q39：C Small signs of a developing structural problem.。根拠：incipient＝初期の兆候。
Q40：A Later deterioration could become impossible to reverse.。根拠：不可逆の損傷を防ぐため。
Q41：B A substantial administrative burden.。根拠：onerous reporting＝報告負担が重い。
Q42：D It identified major weaknesses that could be addressed.。根拠：trenchant reviewの鋭い指摘。
復習｜同義語ではなく使い分けを覚える
- 誤答の選択肢と正答のニュアンスをそれぞれ日本語で説明する。
- 学術研究や行政判断に関する独自の英文を一文書く。
- 翌日と3日後に選択肢を隠して語を再現する。
- 7日後、長文に含まれる断定や留保を理解できるか確認する。
よくある質問
speciousとcredibleは何が違いますか？
speciousは見かけは正しそうでも論拠が弱いこと、credibleは証拠や説明が信頼に値することです。
incontrovertibleは単にstrongと同じですか？
同じではありません。incontrovertibleは合理的に異論を差し挟めないほど強い確実性を表し、単なるstrongより強い語です。
問題は英検協会の過去問ですか？
いいえ。慶英会によるオリジナルの練習問題です。
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慶英会 塾長｜慶應義塾大学卒・英検1級。中高一貫校の学校英語・NEW TREASURE・英検対策を専門としています。塾長の経歴・指導方針を確認する