慶英会 塾長｜慶應義塾大学卒・英検1級
中高一貫校の学校英語・NEW TREASURE・英検対策を専門とするオンライン個別指導塾です。塾長紹介
英検1級語彙・語法の慶英会独自第36セット。英検1級の英文読解で重要な譲歩・条件・目的・因果関係の表現を練習します。独自の4択42問（短文22・言い換え12・長文8）、全168選択肢、正答根拠と日本語解説を掲載。despite / notwithstanding / provided that / insofar as / lestなど、論理を誤ると長文や要約でも失点する語法を整理します。
英検1級Readingの短文語句空所補充は22問です（公式試験内容）。本記事の短文22問は特に論理語に絞った慶英会独自問題で、言い換え12問と短文読解8問は追加演習です。英検の公式過去問ではありません。
次の無料教材：語彙第37セット｜証拠の強さを見極める独自42問。初見演習後に解答根拠と誤答原因まで確認してください。
最初に覚える4種類の論理関係
- 譲歩：although＋節／despite＋名詞句／notwithstanding＋名詞句。実際の結果が予想と違う。
- 条件：provided that / as long as / unless。ある条件が満たされなければ結論は変わる。
- 目的：so that＋節／lest＋節／to＋原形。不都合を防ぐ目的もある。
- 範囲：insofar as＋節／in the absence of＋名詞句。結論が有効な条件を見抜く。
第1部｜接続表現・前置詞の独自4択22問
Q1
_____ the sharp rise in registrations, the organizers could not conclude that participation had become more equitable.
- A. Despite
- B. Because
- C. Provided
- D. Unless
Q2
The report emphasizes the overall trend, _____ acknowledging substantial differences among regions.
- A. whereas
- B. while
- C. lest
- D. unless
Q3
The data are useful _____ they are interpreted alongside information about sampling methods.
- A. lest
- B. albeit
- C. provided that
- D. despite
Q4
The agency will not release the identifying records _____ individuals give separate consent.
- A. although
- B. insofar as
- C. notwithstanding
- D. unless
Q5
The program appeared promising, _____ its long-term maintenance costs remained uncertain.
- A. although
- B. because of
- C. despite
- D. on account of
Q6
The organization published the data _____ independent researchers could verify its conclusions.
- A. whereas
- B. so that
- C. even though
- D. in case of
Q7
The council delayed expansion _____ the results of the first pilot had been independently reviewed.
- A. given that
- B. in order that
- C. until
- D. whereas
Q8
The notice used cautious language _____ readers mistakenly interpret preliminary findings as established facts.
- A. because
- B. although
- C. provided
- D. lest
Q9
The subsidy will continue _____ the program meets its stated accessibility standards.
- A. as long as
- B. in spite of
- C. rather than
- D. regardless of
Q10
The city’s comparison was incomplete, _____ it ignored travel on surrounding streets.
- A. whereas
- B. inasmuch as
- C. notwithstanding
- D. unless
Q11
The revised plan was approved _____ the condition that staff receive safety training.
- A. by
- B. with
- C. on
- D. at
Q12
The engineers tested the backup system in advance _____ a prolonged outage occurred.
- A. despite
- B. insofar as
- C. even though
- D. in case
Q13
_____ the absence of reliable baseline data, the researchers avoided a strong causal claim.
- A. In
- B. By
- C. With
- D. On
Q14
The project was delayed _____ unforeseen problems with the building’s foundations.
- A. in spite
- B. owing to
- C. in contrast
- D. with regard
Q15
The findings are valid only _____ the stated assumptions about demand remain reasonable.
- A. notwithstanding
- B. despite
- C. insofar as
- D. even though
Q16
The museum preserved original photographs _____ discarding them after making digital copies.
- A. in light of
- B. on account of
- C. in accordance with
- D. rather than
Q17
_____ the fact that the first trial succeeded, officials requested further testing.
- A. Notwithstanding
- B. Therefore
- C. Whereas
- D. Regardless
Q18
The authority will revise the rule _____ new evidence becomes available.
- A. as to
- B. as
- C. despite
- D. lest
Q19
The training was designed _____ minimize the risk of mistakes during emergencies.
- A. so that
- B. lest
- C. to
- D. insofar as
Q20
The coordinator refused to publish personal details, _____ strong pressure from event sponsors.
- A. because
- B. unless
- C. so that
- D. despite
Q21
The committee approved a limited trial _____ a permanent nationwide rollout.
- A. in preference to
- B. due to
- C. in light of
- D. by virtue of
Q22
Officials were required to explain changes _____ the revised safety guidelines.
- A. notwithstanding
- B. in accordance with
- C. lest
- D. rather than
第2部｜同じ意味を保つパラフレーズ12問
Q23
The pilot may expand, provided that the audit supports it.
- A. Expansion is unconditional.
- B. The audit has already approved expansion.
- C. Expansion depends on favorable audit results.
- D. The program is permanently canceled.
Q24
The result is valid insofar as the original assumptions hold.
- A. Its validity is limited to circumstances in which the assumptions remain sound.
- B. It must be correct under every possible condition.
- C. The assumptions were unnecessary.
- D. The data were collected illegally.
Q25
The team acted in case the primary system failed.
- A. The system had already failed.
- B. The team assumed failure was impossible.
- C. They acted despite a law forbidding backups.
- D. They prepared for a possible failure.
Q26
The director supported the idea, albeit reluctantly.
- A. She refused any discussion.
- B. She supported it, but with reservations.
- C. She was the sole author.
- D. She promised it would succeed.
Q27
Notwithstanding the increased budget, the shortage remained.
- A. The shortage disappeared because of funding.
- B. Funding had been removed entirely.
- C. The shortage persisted despite the budget increase.
- D. There had never been a shortage.
Q28
The review was published so that outsiders could verify the analysis.
- A. Publication enabled independent checking.
- B. Outsiders were forbidden from seeing the review.
- C. All conclusions were guaranteed true.
- D. The analysis had no source material.
Q29
The announcement was postponed until the corrections were completed.
- A. It was published before any corrections.
- B. It was canceled forever.
- C. The corrections had no connection to timing.
- D. Completion of corrections was required before announcement.
Q30
The committee chose a trial rather than a permanent mandate.
- A. It mandated all institutions immediately.
- B. It preferred a limited test to an enduring obligation.
- C. It rejected any form of testing.
- D. It has finished evaluating the trial.
Q31
The claim is weak in the absence of baseline evidence.
- A. The absence proves the opposite claim.
- B. The missing baseline confirms success.
- C. Without baseline data, the claim lacks solid support.
- D. All baseline data have been published.
Q32
The policy is acceptable as long as participation remains voluntary.
- A. It is acceptable only while people can choose whether to join.
- B. It requires everyone to participate.
- C. The policy is unrelated to participation.
- D. It has been withdrawn.
Q33
The warning was carefully phrased lest it create false certainty.
- A. It was written to guarantee a result.
- B. The warning contained a proven falsehood.
- C. It encouraged readers to ignore uncertainty.
- D. It was worded to avoid giving an unjustified impression of certainty.
Q34
The information was released in accordance with the safety guidelines.
- A. The guidelines were abolished.
- B. The release followed the safety rules.
- C. The release contradicted all rules.
- D. The guidelines were written afterward.
第3部｜独自長文4題・内容判断8問
長文1
A city installed sensors at a busy intersection and observed shorter average delays. However, the sensors did not measure nearby residential streets, where drivers might have diverted to avoid the new layout. Officials decided to compare the wider area before claiming that overall congestion had fallen.
Q35
What is the principal limitation of the sensor data?
- A. Sensors may have missed traffic displaced to nearby streets.
- B. The city never measured any traffic.
- C. All residents had changed jobs.
- D. The delay figures were necessarily fabricated.
Q36
What decision did officials make?
- A. To declare permanent success.
- B. To remove all road sensors.
- C. To stop measuring traffic.
- D. To conduct broader comparisons before a general claim.
長文2
A school district began offering free digital textbooks. Download figures were high, but some pupils had limited devices and others could not identify which edition contained the latest corrections. The district planned loan devices and clearly numbered versions rather than treating downloads as evidence that everyone could learn equally well.
Q37
Which problem is being addressed?
- A. The absence of any textbooks.
- B. Access and version reliability despite high downloads.
- C. The illegality of student lending.
- D. The cancellation of the entire curriculum.
Q38
Why are download totals insufficient?
- A. They prove every student read the materials.
- B. They measure only teachers’ salaries.
- C. They do not show whether students can actually use correct editions.
- D. They require schools to stop updates.
長文3
A museum considered public display of interviews with retired workers. Researchers had permission to store the recordings but not to publish them. Curators sought explicit release consent and planned to indicate which historical statements were recollections rather than verified events. They wanted access without compromising participants’ rights or accuracy.
Q39
Why was additional consent needed?
- A. Research storage permission did not authorize public distribution.
- B. All interviewees had demanded immediate publication.
- C. The recordings had been proven false.
- D. Museums may never display oral histories.
Q40
What distinction would the display make?
- A. Private and public museums only.
- B. Old and modern recording equipment.
- C. Researchers and all visitors.
- D. Personal recollections versus verified historical claims.
長文4
A nonprofit reported more participants in its training scheme. An independent review noted that the organization had expanded its advertising and that more people were registered without completing the course. Evaluators proposed tracking completion, useful skills and later employment outcomes, rather than relying on registration figures.
Q41
Why could the headline figure mislead?
- A. All trainees completed the program.
- B. Registrations may rise without comparable increases in meaningful outcomes.
- C. The advertisements were prohibited.
- D. The program had never attracted anyone.
Q42
What should the evaluation include?
- A. Only the size of the advertising budget.
- B. Only staff attendance.
- C. Completion, skill acquisition and subsequent outcomes.
- D. A guarantee that every graduate is hired.
42問の全解答・和訳・根拠
短文22問：構文・文全体の和訳
Q1：A Despite。訳：登録件数が急増したにもかかわらず、参加がより公平になったとは断定できなかった。理由：despite＋名詞句。登録増にもかかわらず公平性は不明。
Q2：B while。訳：報告書は地域差を認めつつ全体傾向を強調している。理由：while＋動名詞で同時の譲歩を表す。
Q3：C provided that。訳：標本抽出方法の情報と併せて解釈するなら、そのデータは有益である。理由：provided that＋節＝〜という条件なら。
Q4：D unless。訳：本人が別途同意しない限り、当局は識別可能な記録を公開しない。理由：unless＝〜でない限り。
Q5：A although。訳：事業は有望に見えたが、長期維持費は不明のままだった。理由：although＋節。利点を認めつつ維持費に留保。
Q6：B so that。訳：独立研究者が結論を検証できるように、団体はデータを公開した。理由：so that＋主語・助動詞で目的を示す。
Q7：C until。訳：最初の試行結果が独立に審査されるまで議会は拡大を延期した。理由：until＋完了した時点。独立検証まで拡大しない。
Q8：D lest。訳：読者が暫定結果を確立した事実と誤解しないよう通知は慎重な表現を用いた。理由：lest＋主語＋原形動詞＝〜しないように。
Q9：A as long as。訳：アクセシビリティ基準を満たし続ける限り補助は継続する。理由：as long as＋節＝〜する限り。
Q10：B inasmuch as。訳：周辺道路の交通を無視しているという点で、市の比較は不完全だった。理由：inasmuch as＝〜という点で・〜なので。因果の限定。
Q11：C on。訳：職員が安全研修を受けるという条件で修正案は承認された。理由：on the condition that＋節が自然。
Q12：D in case。訳：長時間の停電が発生した場合に備え、技術者は予備システムを事前に試験した。理由：in case＋節は万一に備える。
Q13：A In。訳：信頼できる基準データがないため、研究者は強い因果主張を控えた。理由：in the absence of＝〜がないので。
Q14：B owing to。訳：建物の基礎に予想外の問題が発生したため事業が遅れた。理由：owing to＋名詞句＝〜のため。
Q15：C insofar as。訳：需要に関する明示した前提が妥当である範囲でのみ、その結果は有効だ。理由：insofar as＝〜する限り・その範囲で。
Q16：D rather than。訳：博物館はデジタル複製を作った後、原写真を廃棄するのではなく保存した。理由：rather than＋動名詞で代替関係。
Q17：A Notwithstanding。訳：最初の試行が成功したにもかかわらず、担当者は追加検証を求めた。理由：notwithstanding the fact that＝〜にもかかわらず。whereasは節を直接導く接続詞、regardlessはこの位置ではofが必要で、どちらもthe fact thatにそのまま接続できません。
Q18：B as。訳：新たな証拠が得られるにつれて当局は規則を見直す。理由：as＋節で〜するにつれて／〜する時に。
Q19：C to。訳：訓練は緊急時の誤りの危険を減らすために設計された。理由：to＋動詞原形で目的を示す。
Q20：D despite。訳：協賛者から強い圧力があったにもかかわらず、調整役は個人情報の公開を拒否した。理由：despite＋名詞句の譲歩。
Q21：A in preference to。訳：委員会は全国での恒久実施より限定試行を優先して承認した。理由：in preference to＝〜よりも優先して。
Q22：B in accordance with。訳：担当者は改定された安全指針に従って変更点を説明することを求められた。理由：in accordance with＋名詞句＝〜に従って。
言い換え12問：意味を変えない選択肢
Q23：C Expansion depends on favorable audit results.。理由：provided thatは条件を示す。他の選択肢：原文の条件・否定・因果関係を変えるため不適切です。
Q24：A Its validity is limited to circumstances in which the assumptions remain sound.。理由：insofar asは範囲・条件を限定する。他の選択肢：原文の条件・否定・因果関係を変えるため不適切です。
Q25：D They prepared for a possible failure.。理由：in caseは可能性に備える。他の選択肢：原文の条件・否定・因果関係を変えるため不適切です。
Q26：B She supported it, but with reservations.。理由：albeit reluctantlyはしぶしぶながら。他の選択肢：原文の条件・否定・因果関係を変えるため不適切です。
Q27：C The shortage persisted despite the budget increase.。理由：notwithstandingは逆接。他の選択肢：原文の条件・否定・因果関係を変えるため不適切です。
Q28：A Publication enabled independent checking.。理由：so thatは目的を表す。他の選択肢：原文の条件・否定・因果関係を変えるため不適切です。
Q29：D Completion of corrections was required before announcement.。理由：untilの終点は完了の時点。他の選択肢：原文の条件・否定・因果関係を変えるため不適切です。
Q30：B It preferred a limited test to an enduring obligation.。理由：rather thanは代替案の選択。他の選択肢：原文の条件・否定・因果関係を変えるため不適切です。
Q31：C Without baseline data, the claim lacks solid support.。理由：比較基準がないことが根拠の弱さ。他の選択肢：原文の条件・否定・因果関係を変えるため不適切です。
Q32：A It is acceptable only while people can choose whether to join.。理由：as long asは継続的な条件。他の選択肢：原文の条件・否定・因果関係を変えるため不適切です。
Q33：D It was worded to avoid giving an unjustified impression of certainty.。理由：lestは望ましくない結果を防ぐ目的。他の選択肢：原文の条件・否定・因果関係を変えるため不適切です。
Q34：B The release followed the safety rules.。理由：in accordance withは基準に従う。他の選択肢：原文の条件・否定・因果関係を変えるため不適切です。
独自長文8問：読解の根拠
Q35：A Sensors may have missed traffic displaced to nearby streets.。根拠：観測範囲が限定されている。
Q36：D To conduct broader comparisons before a general claim.。根拠：地域全体を再比較する。
Q37：B Access and version reliability despite high downloads.。根拠：利用可能な環境と版の信頼性。
Q38：C They do not show whether students can actually use correct editions.。根拠：ダウンロードは使用・理解とは別。
Q39：A Research storage permission did not authorize public distribution.。根拠：保存用の許可と公開用の同意は異なる。
Q40：D Personal recollections versus verified historical claims.。根拠：記憶と検証済み史実を分ける。
Q41：B Registrations may rise without comparable increases in meaningful outcomes.。根拠：登録と修了・実務成果は別。
Q42：C Completion, skill acquisition and subsequent outcomes.。根拠：実際の能力と長期成果を調べる。
意味の強さを読み違えない復習
- provided that は条件を満たしている場合のみ肯定できる。条件なしの断定に変えない。
- notwithstanding / although は逆接を示す。前半の内容を否定せず後半との対立を理解する。
- unless は『〜しない限り』。否定の位置を確認する。
- in the absence of は証拠等がない状況を限定する。証拠が逆を示したとは限らない。
よくある質問
英検1級では接続詞も重要ですか？
重要です。語彙の意味が分かっていても接続の論理を逆に読むと、長文内容一致や英文要約で誤答しやすくなります。
despiteとalthoughはどう使い分けますか？
despiteは通常名詞・動名詞を続け、althoughは節（主語と動詞を持つ文）を続けます。単語の日本語訳だけでなく後続構造を覚えましょう。
この42問は公式過去問ですか？
いいえ。慶英会による非公式の独自演習です。協会の公式問題は公式サイトで確認してください。
関連する無料教材
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慶英会 塾長｜慶應義塾大学卒・英検1級。中高一貫校の学校英語・NEW TREASURE・英検対策を専門としています。塾長の経歴・指導方針を確認する