英検準1級の前置詞＋関係代名詞｜in which・by which・through which【独自40問・全解説】

英検準1級の長文でin which・on which・by which・through which・some of whomなどが出たら、前置詞を含めた動詞の語法を復元しましょう。「どこで」「何に基づいて」「どんな手段で」「誰のうち何人」という関係が分かると、複雑な文章でも内容一致の根拠をつかみやすくなります。慶英会では英文解釈12問・4択12問・誤文訂正8問・独自4長文8問、計40問と全解答を掲載します。

日本英語検定協会・準1級の出題形式では長文空所補充6問と長文内容一致7問が含まれます。この教材は英検準1級を想定した独自の構文演習で、公式過去問や出版社の教材ではありません。

結論｜前置詞＋関係代名詞を読む5手順

1. 関係詞の先行詞を探す（場所・物・人）。
2. 節の動詞・形容詞の語法を復元（depend on、be familiar with、be based onなど）。
3. 前置詞とwhich／whomを一まとまりにする。
4. some of whom／two of whichなど部分を表す関係詞は数量の範囲を保持する。
5. 先行詞の意味と節の内容を正しくつなぐ。事実の範囲・可能性を拡大しない。

基本例｜前置詞が関係詞の前にある理由

基本：Residents depend on the service. 関係詞：The service on which residents depend … = Residents depend on the service. 意味：住民が頼っているサービス。

注意：The service which residents depend on … と前置詞を後ろに置く形もあります。形式的な英文ではon whichを使いやすく、前置詞の直後にthatは用いません。人の場合はto whomなどを使用します。

演習A｜in which・by whichなど12文の日本語訳

A1. The community hall in which the meeting was held was renovated last year.

A2. The evidence on which the conclusion was based remains limited.

A3. The method by which the researchers measured temperature was revised.

A4. The website through which residents can apply is temporarily unavailable.

A5. The rules under which the trial operated were changed.

A6. The issue about which the committee disagreed was the cost of maintenance.

A7. The service on which several households depend may be reduced.

A8. The residents, some of whom had limited internet access, requested paper forms.

A9. The three proposals, two of which required extra funding, were discussed.

A10. The director to whom the question was addressed gave a cautious answer.

A11. The old equipment with which the technician was familiar remained in use.

A12. The platform at which the revised shuttle stopped was temporarily closed.

演習B｜前置詞の選択4択12問

B1. The report ___ which the policy was based was published yesterday.

1. in
2. on
3. from
4. at

B2. The method ___ which the samples were compared was changed.

1. by
2. of
3. with
4. at

B3. The institution ___ which applicants submitted their forms has closed.

1. over
2. among
3. about
4. to

B4. The conditions ___ which the experiment was conducted were unusual.

1. for
2. at
3. under
4. through

B5. The town ___ which the trial took place was relatively small.

1. to
2. in
3. for
4. of

B6. The topic ___ which the two experts disagreed was never settled.

1. about
2. by
3. for
4. with

B7. The system ___ which residents rely requires maintenance.

1. among
2. through
3. by
4. on

B8. The employees, several ___ whom worked remotely, attended the meeting.

1. for
2. from
3. of
4. to

B9. The documents, none ___ which had been verified, were not released.

1. to
2. of
3. at
4. with

B10. The residents ___ whom the warning was sent asked for more details.

1. to
2. about
3. from
4. at

B11. The resources ___ which the school paid were used for repairs.

1. through
2. in
3. under
4. for

B12. The device ___ which the engineers were familiar was selected.

1. at
2. on
3. with
4. from

演習C｜前置詞・関係詞・主語の誤り訂正8問

C1. The hall in where the interview was held was small.

C2. The method by that the samples were tested needs improvement.

C3. The evidence on what the decision was based remains uncertain.

C4. The director to who the letter was sent replied quickly.

C5. The proposals, two of them were rejected, received attention.

C6. The service with which many families rely may close.

C7. The hall in which the event was held it is near the station.

C8. The question for which the committee responded remains important.

演習D｜独自4長文・内容一致8問

独自長文1｜交通改善と住民説明会

A fictional town tested a new shuttle route. The community hall in which the first consultation was held was near the station, but some residents could not attend. Officials collected written feedback through a website, through which participants could also request accessible transport information. The committee then published two proposals, one of which required additional funding. The council said that the trial would continue until both access and operating costs had been reviewed.

D1. What did the website allow residents to do?

1. Submit feedback and request transport information.
2. Automatically approve both proposals.
3. Replace all shuttle drivers.
4. Guarantee that costs would fall.

D2. What was true of the two proposals?

1. Neither was discussed.
2. Both had been rejected.
3. One required additional funding.
4. Both were already permanent.

独自長文2｜大学研究の観測方法

A university reviewed the method by which a team measured air temperature near its campus. The older equipment with which the technicians were familiar sometimes produced inconsistent readings. Researchers agreed to compare the measurements with an independent source. The three sensors, two of which needed maintenance, were checked before the next experiment. The team explained that the earlier measurements could not be treated as completely accurate until the equipment had been examined.

D3. How many sensors required maintenance?

1. All three.
2. Two of the three.
3. Only the oldest one.
4. None of them.

D4. Why did the team question earlier data?

1. No measurements had been collected.
2. The campus had been closed.
3. All sensors had already been replaced.
4. The equipment could have caused inconsistent readings.

独自長文3｜地域図書館の改修予算

A library introduced a set of rules under which residents could book meeting rooms. The director to whom complaints had been addressed explained that the arrangement was only a trial. Several visitors, some of whom had limited internet access, asked for a paper booking option. Staff agreed to review the system, but the library did not promise that every change would be introduced immediately. Costs and staff availability still needed evaluation.

D5. Why was a paper option requested?

1. Some visitors had difficulty accessing the internet.
2. All visitors had stopped borrowing books.
3. The library was permanently closed.
4. The director forbade online booking.

D6. What remained uncertain?

1. Whether residents could attend meetings.
2. Whether there was a director.
3. Whether all changes would be made immediately.
4. Whether the library existed.

独自長文4｜保全計画の条件

A coastal research group developed a procedure by which volunteers could report lost fishing gear. The guidelines under which the program operated required workers to avoid dangerous weather. Several reports, none of which had been independently verified, were held for further checking. The researchers also consulted boat owners on whom they relied for practical advice. Before expanding the project, they planned to measure both environmental benefits and operational risks.

D7. Why were the reports held for further checking?

1. All fishing had stopped.
2. They had all been confirmed.
3. No volunteers were involved.
4. None had been independently verified.

D8. What did the guidelines require?

1. Recovery in all weather.
2. Avoiding dangerous conditions.
3. Banning every boat.
4. Discarding all reports.

全40問の正解・日本語訳・詳しい解説

A｜英文解釈12問

A1 模範訳：会議が開かれた地域ホールは昨年改修された。 解説：in whichはin the community hallに対応。場所の関係副詞whereに近いが、inという前置詞が明示されている。

A2 模範訳：その結論の根拠となった証拠は、依然として限定的である。 解説：be based on evidenceが元の関係。on whichを一つのまとまりとして読む。

A3 模範訳：研究者が温度を測定した方法は修正された。 解説：by whichは方法・手段を表す。by the methodの関係。

A4 模範訳：住民が申請できるウェブサイトは一時的に利用できない。 解説：through whichは申請経路を示す。施設や制度を経由する意味。

A5 模範訳：試行が運営されていた規則は変更された。 解説：under whichは規則や制度の枠組みの下でという意味。

A6 模範訳：委員会内で意見が分かれた問題は維持管理費だった。 解説：disagree about an issueが元の語法。whoではなくissueを受けるwhich。

A7 模範訳：複数の家庭が頼っているサービスは縮小されるかもしれない。 解説：depend on a serviceのonを保つ。may be reducedの可能性も残す。

A8 模範訳：住民たちは紙の用紙を求めた。そのうち一部はインターネット利用に制約があった。 解説：some of whomは人の一部。some of whichは人を指す形として不適切。

A9 模範訳：三つの提案について議論された。そのうち二つは追加資金が必要だった。 解説：two of whichは提案三つのうち二つ。追加費用が必要なのは全案ではない。

A10 模範訳：質問を向けられた部長は慎重に答えた。 解説：address a question to a personを受動で表す。to whomは人を指す。

A11 模範訳：技術者が使い慣れた古い機器は引き続き使用された。 解説：be familiar with equipmentが元の語法。

A12 模範訳：改訂されたシャトルバスが停車する乗り場は一時的に閉鎖された。 解説：stop at a platformが元の語法。at whichをどこでと読み、交通機関の対象と混同しない。

B｜4択12問の全解説

B1 正解B：on。和訳：政策が根拠とした報告書は昨日公表された。 理由：be based on a reportが元の語法。 誤答の前置詞を入れると元の動詞・形容詞の語法に合いません。

B2 正解A：by。和訳：標本を比較するために用いた方法は変更された。 理由：手段はby the method。 誤答の前置詞を入れると元の動詞・形容詞の語法に合いません。

B3 正解D：to。和訳：応募者が書類を提出した機関は閉鎖された。 理由：submit a form to an institutionが元の語法。 誤答の前置詞を入れると元の動詞・形容詞の語法に合いません。

B4 正解C：under。和訳：実験が行われた条件は通常とは異なっていた。 理由：under the conditionsは実験条件の下で。 誤答の前置詞を入れると元の動詞・形容詞の語法に合いません。

B5 正解B：in。和訳：その試行が行われた町は比較的小さかった。 理由：take place in a town。 誤答の前置詞を入れると元の動詞・形容詞の語法に合いません。

B6 正解A：about。和訳：二人の専門家の意見が分かれた話題は決着しなかった。 理由：disagree about a topic。 誤答の前置詞を入れると元の動詞・形容詞の語法に合いません。

B7 正解D：on。和訳：住民が頼っているシステムは保守が必要だ。 理由：rely on a system。 誤答の前置詞を入れると元の動詞・形容詞の語法に合いません。

B8 正解C：of。和訳：職員は会議に参加した。そのうち数人は遠隔勤務だった。 理由：several of whomの部分集合。 誤答の前置詞を入れると元の動詞・形容詞の語法に合いません。

B9 正解B：of。和訳：一つも検証されていなかった文書は公開されなかった。 理由：none of whichで文書のすべてが未検証。 誤答の前置詞を入れると元の動詞・形容詞の語法に合いません。

B10 正解A：to。和訳：警告が送られた住民は追加の詳細を求めた。 理由：send a warning to residents。 誤答の前置詞を入れると元の動詞・形容詞の語法に合いません。

B11 正解D：for。和訳：学校が費用を支払った資材は修理に使われた。 理由：pay for resourcesが元の関係。 誤答の前置詞を入れると元の動詞・形容詞の語法に合いません。

B12 正解C：with。和訳：技術者が使い慣れた装置が選ばれた。 理由：be familiar with a device。 誤答の前置詞を入れると元の動詞・形容詞の語法に合いません。

C｜誤文訂正8問

C1 修正文：The hall in which the interview was held was small. 解説：in whereではなくin which、またはwhere the interview was held。

C2 修正文：The method by which the samples were tested needs improvement. 解説：前置詞の直後に関係代名詞thatは使わない。

C3 修正文：The evidence on which the decision was based remains uncertain. 解説：先行詞evidenceを受けるon which。whatは先行詞を含む関係代名詞。

C4 修正文：The director to whom the letter was sent replied quickly. 解説：前置詞toの後では人を表すwhom。

C5 修正文：The proposals, two of which were rejected, received attention. 解説：非制限用法の挿入節はtwo of whichでつなぐ。別解はピリオドで二文にする。

C6 修正文：The service on which many families rely may close. 解説：rely on the serviceでありrely withではない。

C7 修正文：The hall in which the event was held is near the station. 解説：the hallが主節の主語。itで二重に主語を置かない。

C8 修正文：The question to which the committee responded remains important. 解説：respond to a questionの前置詞toが必要。

D｜4長文8問の根拠付き解答

長文1の日本語内容：町は新しいシャトル便を試行し、駅近くの公民館で説明会を開いた。参加できない住民はウェブサイトから意見やバリアフリー情報を求められた。二案のうち一つは追加資金を必要とし、アクセスと費用の評価後まで試行を続ける方針だった。

D1 正解A：Submit feedback and request transport information.。本文根拠：“through which participants could also request accessible transport information”。ウェブサイト経由の申請機能。

D2 正解C：One required additional funding.。本文根拠：“two proposals, one of which required additional funding”。二案のうち一案だけの費用条件。

長文2の日本語内容：大学は温度測定方法を点検した。技術者が使い慣れた古い装置には不一致の記録があり、独立した観測と比較することにした。三つのセンサーのうち二つは保守が必要で、全数が正確と断定しない方針だった。

D3 正解B：Two of the three.。本文根拠：“three sensors, two of which needed maintenance”。三つのうち二つ。

D4 正解D：The equipment could have caused inconsistent readings.。本文根拠：“sometimes produced inconsistent readings”。装置由来の誤差の可能性。

長文3の日本語内容：図書館は予約規則を導入したが試行であり、苦情を受けた部長は紙の予約方法を求める利用者の事情を説明した。ネットが使いにくい人もおり、全改善を即実施すると保証せず費用・職員配置を評価した。

D5 正解A：Some visitors had difficulty accessing the internet.。本文根拠：“some of whom had limited internet access”。ネット利用の制約が理由。

D6 正解C：Whether all changes would be made immediately.。本文根拠：“did not promise that every change would be introduced immediately”。改善の実施時期は確定していない。

長文4の日本語内容：沿岸研究グループは紛失漁具を報告する手続きを作り、危険な天候を避けるという運用規則を設けた。報告はいずれも独立した確認が済んでおらず再確認に回した。船主の助言にも頼り、環境効果と作業リスクを評価してから拡大する。

D7 正解D：None had been independently verified.。本文根拠：“none of which had been independently verified”。検証が未完了。

D8 正解B：Avoiding dangerous conditions.。本文根拠：“guidelines … required workers to avoid dangerous weather”。作業員の安全を優先。

よくある誤答と見分け方

• in where：in whichとwhereは関連する意味でも、in whereとは通常しない。
• by that：前置詞の直後に関係代名詞thatを用いない。
• two of which：提案が3案なら、追加条件があったのは2案だけ。allへ一般化しない。
• to whom：address a question to a personの人を指す。to whichなら物を指す。
• 前置詞の後置：the service which people depend onは自然な口語形もあるが、独立した形式的読解ではon whichも認識する。

7日間の復習方法

1. 1日目：A12問の元の語法を確認
2. 2日目：B12問を初見で解く
3. 3日目：C8問の誤りを修正する
4. 4日目：D4長文8問を根拠付きで解く
5. 5日目：depend on、be based on、be familiar withの例文を各3文自作する
6. 6日目：some of whom、two of whichで数量限定の英文を作る
7. 7日目：英検協会の公式過去問で関係詞の先行詞を探す

よくある質問

in whichはwhereと同じ意味ですか？

場所や状況を表す文脈で近い意味になることがありますが、対応する前置詞や動詞の語法が適切かを確認してください。すべての文で置換可能とは限りません。

関係代名詞のthatを前置詞の後ろに置けますか？

通常、前置詞＋関係代名詞thatとはせず、前置詞＋which／whomなどを使用します。The system that people rely on … のように前置詞を後ろに置く形とは異なります。

some of whomとsome of whichの違いは何ですか？

whomは人、whichは人以外の物・事柄を指します。英文の先行詞を確認しましょう。

本記事の40問で英検準1級の合否を判定できますか？

できません。準1級公式の採点方法・問題数と異なる慶英会の独自問題です。

次の教材・慶英会の無料体験

関係代名詞・非制限用法の独自44問／同格that・関係代名詞thatの独自32問／間接疑問文の独自40問。

慶英会では長文を正確に読む構文分析から、英文要約と意見英作文への応用まで個別に指導します。最大1か月完全無料体験・学習相談はこちら。

参考にした公式情報

日本英語検定協会｜準1級出題形式／日本英語検定協会｜準1級過去問。2026年10月28日確認。全40問・和訳・全解答は慶英会オリジナルです。