慶英会 塾長｜慶應義塾大学卒・英検1級
中高一貫校の学校英語・NEW TREASURE・英検対策を専門とするオンライン個別指導塾です。塾長紹介
英検1級Reading無料模試・慶英会オリジナル第49セット。短文の語句空所22問・長文空所6問・長文内容一致7問の全35問・140択と全解説を掲載します。養殖場の水質、鉄道駅の触知案内、山火事の衛星監視、無電池型センサーを扱う独自英文4題を収録しています。
英検協会の1級Reading公式形式は短文22問・長文空所6問・内容一致7問です（英検協会｜1級試験内容）。掲載英文・問題・和訳はすべて慶英会が独自制作した非公式教材です。
学習の方法
- 短文では選択肢の語義と文中での役割を確認する。
- 長文空所では利点・制約・対策・検証方法をつなぐ。
- 内容一致では観測された事実と推定を混同しない。
- 解答後は誤答の選択肢が本文のどこに反しているか説明する。
Part1｜短文語句空所22問
Q1
The audit uncovered a major _____ in the figures reported by two regional water authorities.
- A. discrepancy
- B. dividend
- C. concession
- D. subsidy
Q2
The bridge project faced a financial _____ when unexpected repairs consumed the remaining reserve.
- A. precedent
- B. shortfall
- C. windfall
- D. surplus
Q3
The laboratory introduced additional _____ to prevent accidental contamination during sampling.
- A. incentives
- B. dividends
- C. safeguards
- D. grievances
Q4
The policy created a serious _____ between residents’ desire for quiet streets and businesses’ need for deliveries.
- A. consensus
- B. windfall
- C. precedent
- D. trade-off
Q5
The agency set a _____ for classifying a road as unsuitable for heavy vehicles during floods.
- A. threshold
- B. dividend
- C. incentive
- D. retaliation
Q6
A shortage of qualified technicians became the main _____ in extending the repair program.
- A. dividend
- B. bottleneck
- C. windfall
- D. subsidy
Q7
Inspectors questioned the _____ of an estimate based on a single unusually calm day.
- A. abundance
- B. revenues
- C. validity
- D. restitution
Q8
The archive prepared a _____ for restoring digital files if the primary server failed.
- A. precedent
- B. dividend
- C. concession
- D. contingency plan
Q9
Independent observers provided useful _____ of the technicians’ report.
- A. corroboration
- B. retaliation
- C. compulsion
- D. revenue
Q10
A reliable _____ is needed before the new energy policy’s effects can be judged.
- A. windfall
- B. baseline
- C. subsidy
- D. grievance
Q11
The report warned that an overly narrow sample could create _____ in the results.
- A. dividends
- B. precedents
- C. bias
- D. revenues
Q12
The museum’s research focused on the _____ of objects donated without complete ownership records.
- A. warranty
- B. threshold
- C. dividend
- D. provenance
Q13
The committee requested greater _____ in how applications for public assistance were evaluated.
- A. transparency
- B. scarcity
- C. retaliation
- D. obsolescence
Q14
The survey revealed considerable _____ of participants before the final follow-up.
- A. revenue
- B. attrition
- C. incentive
- D. precedent
Q15
The old communication equipment faced technological _____ as compatible parts became unavailable.
- A. contingency
- B. compliance
- C. obsolescence
- D. incentive
Q16
The inspector documented _____ in the bridge’s metal joints after years of exposure to salt.
- A. improvement
- B. stewardship
- C. consensus
- D. deterioration
Q17
The cooperative faced a new _____ to share expensive monitoring devices across villages.
- A. incentive
- B. liability
- C. precedent
- D. retaliation
Q18
The public hospital stressed its _____ to protect patients’ confidential information.
- A. dividend
- B. obligation
- C. windfall
- D. concession
Q19
The emergency network depends on _____ between radios made by different manufacturers.
- A. scarcity
- B. amortization
- C. interoperability
- D. attrition
Q20
The government will examine the project’s long-term _____ before building the facility permanently.
- A. scarcity
- B. precedent
- C. grievance
- D. viability
Q21
The insurance fund must have sufficient _____ to make payments during sudden disasters.
- A. liquidity
- B. obsolescence
- C. provenance
- D. attrition
Q22
The editor added a _____ explaining that the published figures covered only three districts.
- A. dividend
- B. caveat
- C. windfall
- D. incentive
Part2｜独自長文空所6問
養殖場の水質監視と沿岸への影響
A fictional coastal cooperative is considering a shared monitoring program for fish farms located near sheltered bays. Operators hope that more frequent readings of oxygen, temperature, and water movement will help them identify conditions that may harm fish and avoid unnecessary losses. Local conservation groups also want assurance that increased production will not put excessive pressure on nearby habitats.
However, readings from one sensor may not represent an entire bay. Water can move between areas, and oxygen levels may change during the day as organisms and environmental conditions vary. A sensor placed beside one cage could miss problems elsewhere. Managers therefore need to [23] _____ rather than simply install the greatest number of devices.
The cooperative is considering shared laboratory checks and procedures for reporting unusual results. Farmers worry that false alarms may require costly action, while residents want transparent information when water quality genuinely deteriorates. Officials will evaluate whether [24] _____ and how the program handles equipment failure.
A pilot will compare verified readings, fish health, effects on surrounding water, maintenance, and staff time. Its aim is [25] _____, not the largest number of sensor alerts generated.
Q23
- A. account for location, daily variation, and independent verification of the measurements
- B. assume one reading always describes the whole bay
- C. treat sensor quantity as proof of water quality
- D. remove all maintenance procedures
Q24
- A. every alert must lead to permanent closure
- B. warnings are accurate and understandable enough to support proportionate action
- C. fish farms can operate without considering other users
- D. all technical measurements remain confidential even during significant problems
Q25
- A. guaranteeing no future changes in ocean temperature
- B. eliminating every cost of monitoring
- C. supporting reliable farm decisions while protecting surrounding waters
- D. maximizing the total number of devices regardless of usefulness
鉄道駅の触知案内図と歩行経路の実証
A fictional railway authority is considering new tactile maps for passengers who have limited vision. The proposed maps would describe platforms, ticket gates, elevators, and key routes through major stations. Supporters believe consistent tactile symbols and audio information could help travelers navigate more independently.
Nevertheless, a map that looks accurate on a planning document may become misleading when shops change, barriers are installed, or lifts are temporarily unavailable. A route identified as short may involve a difficult crossing or require assistance. Planners should therefore [26] _____ rather than assume that publishing a detailed map automatically provides safe access.
Some passengers prefer tactile information, while others rely on spoken instructions or staff. The authority is testing combinations of physical markers, audio guidance, and up-to-date notices. Training and maintenance expenses also matter. Officials want [27] _____ and a practical way to report errors as conditions change.
Before using the system widely, the railway will record whether passengers can complete typical journeys, where they encounter obstacles, and how long repairs to incorrect guidance take. The purpose is [28] _____, not the largest possible number of maps printed.
Q26
- A. remove all staffed assistance immediately
- B. test guidance against changing station conditions and actual journeys
- C. assume every lift remains available at all times
- D. judge success only by the number of map symbols
Q27
- A. one identical route for every traveler regardless of need
- B. no process for correcting outdated information
- C. accessible combinations of guidance and a clear method for updates
- D. all station layouts to remain permanently unchanged
Q28
- A. maximizing map downloads regardless of navigation
- B. replacing every ticket gate without inspection
- C. ensuring no station layout will ever change
- D. enabling safe, practical movement with maintainable information
Part3｜独自長文内容一致7問
衛星画像による森林火災の早期発見と誤警報
A fictional disaster-monitoring agency is investigating whether satellite images can help identify wildfires in remote forests. Thermal sensors can detect unusually warm areas, and rapid information might allow firefighters to examine potential incidents before they spread. Some advocates argue that automated satellite alerts could fill gaps where observation towers or local patrols are unavailable.
However, a bright thermal signal does not always mean that a forest fire has begun. Industrial activity, sun-heated surfaces, and sensor artifacts can create misleading observations. Thick clouds or limited observation frequency may also prevent detection, especially when a fire is small or develops between satellite passes. A location that appears clear in one image is not necessarily safe.
The agency proposes comparing satellite warnings with ground reports, aircraft observations, and weather information. It also wants to record missed incidents as well as false alarms. A system reporting thousands of detections might still perform poorly if it repeatedly directs crews toward harmless locations or overlooks dangerous fires.
Emergency services are concerned about making notifications actionable. An alert should identify the location, time, confidence, and recommended next step without suggesting that an automated image is a confirmed emergency. Local authorities need to decide how alerts are verified and who has responsibility for public warnings. Information delays can impose real costs, but premature announcements can also cause confusion.
A pilot will assess verified early detections, missed events, staff workload, communication reliability, and operating expense. The project aims to improve practical wildfire response rather than maximize the number of satellite alerts.
Q29
Why might a thermal satellite alert not indicate a wildfire?
- A. Industrial heat, sun-warmed surfaces, or sensor artifacts may produce similar signals.
- B. Every thermal signal comes from a confirmed forest fire.
- C. Clouds always improve thermal detection.
- D. Satellites observe all places continuously.
Q30
What should the pilot measure in addition to reported detections?
- A. Only the size of each satellite.
- B. False alarms and missed fires compared with verified ground evidence.
- C. Only the number of news articles.
- D. A guarantee that the weather remains stable.
Q31
Which warning approach matches the agency’s concerns?
- A. Automatically declaring an emergency for every hot pixel.
- B. Refusing all ground verification.
- C. Providing time, location, uncertainty, and a route for confirming alerts.
- D. Deleting all uncertain images from the dataset.
無電池型環境センサーの導入と保守の現実
A fictional rural research network is exploring small environmental sensors that harvest energy from light, movement, or changing temperature. Supporters hope such devices could reduce the need to replace batteries in remote areas where travel is costly. The first proposal highlights the number of sensors that could be scattered across fields and hills.
Engineers warn that energy harvesting is not the same as unlimited power. A sensor may operate intermittently when sunlight is weak or its surroundings provide little movement. Transmitting data can require more electricity than measuring a value, and devices might fail to communicate when severe weather makes information most important. A nominally battery-free design may still contain components that age or need replacement.
Some scientists propose storing measurements locally until enough energy is available for transmission. Others favor installing fewer devices with dependable external power in locations where continuous information is critical. Data gaps must be recorded honestly rather than silently filled with guessed readings, particularly if users make safety decisions from the network.
Maintaining many remote instruments introduces further challenges. Equipment can be damaged by animals, flooding, or corrosion, and even inexpensive devices require identification, calibration, and eventual disposal. The network must also consider whether expanding sensor coverage creates information that local institutions can actually interpret and act upon.
A limited trial will compare measured availability, missing data, repair visits, useful observations, and lifecycle costs. The goal is dependable environmental information with manageable resource use, not merely the highest count of installed devices.
Q32
Why might energy-harvesting sensors fail to provide continuous data?
- A. Available ambient energy can vary, while transmitting data requires power.
- B. All environmental sensors operate without any electricity.
- C. Only batteries can measure temperature.
- D. Data transmission never consumes energy.
Q33
Why might the network install fewer externally powered devices in some locations?
- A. To prevent all future maintenance.
- B. Critical monitoring may require more dependable continuous information.
- C. Because no remote equipment can be calibrated.
- D. To guarantee unlimited data storage without cost.
Q34
What is the proper treatment of interruptions in sensor data?
- A. Report estimates as if they were directly observed.
- B. Delete every instrument with a missing value.
- C. Document gaps instead of disguising them as actual measurements.
- D. Assume every gap indicates zero environmental risk.
Q35
How will the project judge success?
- A. By the largest number of instruments ordered.
- B. By permanently eliminating every repair expense.
- C. By maximizing promotional coverage.
- D. By dependable, interpretable measurements at acceptable lifecycle cost.
35問の全解答・全文和訳と正誤の根拠
語彙22問｜全文和訳と全88択の語義
Q1：A discrepancy。全文訳：監査は二地域の水管理機関が報告した数値の大きな食い違いを見つけた。解説：discrepancy＝データの不一致全4択の語義：A discrepancy＝不一致／B dividend＝配当／C concession＝譲歩／D subsidy＝助成
Q2：B shortfall。全文訳：予期しない修理で予備費が使われ橋事業は資金不足に陥った。解説：financial shortfall＝不足額全4択の語義：A precedent＝前例／B shortfall＝資金不足／C windfall＝臨時利益／D surplus＝余剰
Q3：C safeguards。全文訳：研究所は標本採取時の偶発的汚染を防ぐため保護措置を追加した。解説：safeguards＝防止策全4択の語義：A incentives＝誘因／B dividends＝配当／C safeguards＝安全・保護措置／D grievances＝不満
Q4：D trade-off。全文訳：政策は静かな通りと配送需要の間に深刻なトレードオフを生んだ。解説：trade-off＝両立が難しい選択全4択の語義：A consensus＝合意／B windfall＝臨時利益／C precedent＝前例／D trade-off＝一方を得ると他方が犠牲になる関係
Q5：A threshold。全文訳：当局は洪水時に大型車に不適と判定する道路の基準値を設けた。解説：threshold＝判定の境界全4択の語義：A threshold＝しきい値／B dividend＝配当／C incentive＝誘因／D retaliation＝報復
Q6：B bottleneck。全文訳：熟練技術者の不足が修理事業拡大の主な障害となった。解説：bottleneck＝制約箇所全4択の語義：A dividend＝配当／B bottleneck＝全体の進行を制限する障害／C windfall＝思いがけない利益／D subsidy＝助成金
Q7：C validity。全文訳：異常に穏やかな一日のデータを使った推計の妥当性が疑問視された。解説：validity of an estimate＝推定の妥当性全4択の語義：A abundance＝豊富／B revenues＝収益／C validity＝妥当性／D restitution＝返還
Q8：D contingency plan。全文訳：資料館は主サーバー故障時にファイルを回復する緊急時対応計画を用意した。解説：contingency plan＝予備の計画全4択の語義：A precedent＝先例／B dividend＝配当／C concession＝譲歩／D contingency plan＝不測の事態への対応計画
Q9：A corroboration。全文訳：独立観測者は技術者の報告へ有用な裏付けを提供した。解説：corroboration＝別証拠による補強全4択の語義：A corroboration＝独立した裏付け／B retaliation＝報復／C compulsion＝強制／D revenue＝収益
Q10：B baseline。全文訳：新エネルギー政策の効果判断には信頼できる比較基準が必要。解説：baseline＝介入前の基準全4択の語義：A windfall＝臨時利益／B baseline＝比較基準値／C subsidy＝補助金／D grievance＝苦情
Q11：C bias。全文訳：標本の選び方が狭すぎると結果へ偏りが生じ得ると警告した。解説：sample bias＝抽出の偏り全4択の語義：A dividends＝配当／B precedents＝前例／C bias＝偏り／D revenues＝収益
Q12：D provenance。全文訳：美術館は所有履歴が不完全な寄贈物の出所を調べた。解説：provenance＝由来全4択の語義：A warranty＝保証／B threshold＝しきい値／C dividend＝配当／D provenance＝来歴・出所
Q13：A transparency。全文訳：委員会は公的支援の申請評価により高い透明性を求めた。解説：transparency＝説明可能性全4択の語義：A transparency＝透明性／B scarcity＝不足／C retaliation＝報復／D obsolescence＝陳腐化
Q14：B attrition。全文訳：追跡最終段階までに参加者が多く離脱したことが分かった。解説：attrition＝継続参加者が減ること全4択の語義：A revenue＝収益／B attrition＝参加者の離脱・減少／C incentive＝誘因／D precedent＝前例
Q15：C obsolescence。全文訳：互換部品がなくなり旧通信設備は技術的に陳腐化した。解説：obsolescence＝時代遅れ全4択の語義：A contingency＝不測の事態／B compliance＝法令順守／C obsolescence＝技術的陳腐化／D incentive＝誘因
Q16：D deterioration。全文訳：塩分への長年の曝露で橋の金属継ぎ目が劣化したことを記録した。解説：deterioration＝状態の悪化全4択の語義：A improvement＝改善／B stewardship＝管理責任／C consensus＝合意／D deterioration＝劣化
Q17：A incentive。全文訳：協同組合には村間で高額な観測機器を共有する新しい誘因があった。解説：incentive to＝動機全4択の語義：A incentive＝動機・誘因／B liability＝法的責任／C precedent＝前例／D retaliation＝報復
Q18：B obligation。全文訳：公立病院は患者の機密情報を守る義務を強調した。解説：obligation to protect＝保護義務全4択の語義：A dividend＝配当／B obligation＝責務／C windfall＝臨時利益／D concession＝譲歩
Q19：C interoperability。全文訳：緊急通信網は異なるメーカーの無線機の相互運用性に依存する。解説：interoperability＝異なる機器の連携全4択の語義：A scarcity＝不足／B amortization＝費用配分／C interoperability＝相互運用性／D attrition＝自然減
Q20：D viability。全文訳：恒久施設を建てる前に政府は事業の長期存続可能性を調べる。解説：viability＝長く成立する能力全4択の語義：A scarcity＝不足／B precedent＝前例／C grievance＝苦情／D viability＝実現・存続可能性
Q21：A liquidity。全文訳：保険基金には突然の災害時に給付できる十分な資金流動性が必要。解説：liquidity＝支払いに使える資金全4択の語義：A liquidity＝手元資金の流動性／B obsolescence＝陳腐化／C provenance＝来歴／D attrition＝自然減
Q22：B caveat。全文訳：編集者は公表数値が三地区のみを対象とする留保を追加した。解説：caveat＝主張の適用範囲全4択の語義：A dividend＝配当／B caveat＝留保・限定条件／C windfall＝臨時利益／D incentive＝誘因
長文空所6問｜日本語要旨と全24択の解説
養殖場の水質監視と沿岸への影響・要旨
架空の養殖場が酸素・水温・水流を監視する。養殖いけす付近の一台だけでは湾全域を代表できず、日内変動や機器故障・誤警報に注意する。監視の件数でなく水質と魚の健康、周辺生態、運用費で評価する。
Q23：A account for location, daily variation, and independent verification of the measurements。正答根拠：地点・時刻・別手法の検証を組み合わせる。
- A：正答。地点・時刻・別手法の検証を組み合わせる。
- B：湾は均一でない。
- C：台数は水質を保証しない。
- D：保守が必要。
Q24：B warnings are accurate and understandable enough to support proportionate action。正答根拠：正確な警報が必要な行動につながるかを評価する。
- A：誤警報もあり一律停止は不適切。
- B：正答。正確な警報が必要な行動につながるかを評価する。
- C：周辺環境も評価。
- D：重要情報は適切に説明する。
Q25：C supporting reliable farm decisions while protecting surrounding waters。正答根拠：適切な経営判断と周辺水域保護の両立。
- A：自然変動は残る。
- B：費用は残る。
- C：正答。適切な経営判断と周辺水域保護の両立。
- D：台数は成果でない。
鉄道駅の触知案内図と歩行経路の実証・要旨
駅の触知案内図は視覚に障害がある利用者へ役立つ可能性があるが、店舗・エレベーター・工事経路の変更で古くなる。複数の利用者と実地で経路を試し、音声・職員案内を合わせて安全な移動を評価する。
Q26：B test guidance against changing station conditions and actual journeys。正答根拠：更新される現場条件と実利用で検証する。
- A：人による支援も重要。
- B：正答。更新される現場条件と実利用で検証する。
- C：故障・工事がある。
- D：記号数では不十分。
Q27：C accessible combinations of guidance and a clear method for updates。正答根拠：異なる利用者へ合った案内と訂正方法が必要。
- A：利用者に違いがある。
- B：誤りの修正が必要。
- C：正答。異なる利用者へ合った案内と訂正方法が必要。
- D：施設は変化する。
Q28：D enabling safe, practical movement with maintainable information。正答根拠：安全に使え、維持・修正できる案内が目的。
- A：ダウンロード数は代理指標。
- B：全ゲート交換ではない。
- C：変更はあり得る。
- D：正答。安全に使え、維持・修正できる案内が目的。
長文内容一致7問｜日本語要旨と全28択の解説
衛星画像による森林火災の早期発見と誤警報・要旨
衛星熱画像は遠隔地の火災を見つける助けとなるが、工業熱源や日照、雲・衛星の観測間隔で誤警報や見逃しが起こる。地上報告との照合・未検出も含めた評価と、責任者が確認してから警報を出す手順が重要。
Q29：A Industrial heat, sun-warmed surfaces, or sensor artifacts may produce similar signals.。正答根拠：火事以外の熱源や測定誤差がある。
- A：正答。火事以外の熱源や測定誤差がある。
- B：雲は観測を妨げる。
- C：観測間隔がある。
- D：undefined
Q30：B False alarms and missed fires compared with verified ground evidence.。正答根拠：誤警報だけでなく見逃しを含む性能を検証。
- A：機器の大きさは成果でない。
- B：正答。誤警報だけでなく見逃しを含む性能を検証。
- C：天候は変化する。
- D：undefined
Q31：C Providing time, location, uncertainty, and a route for confirming alerts.。正答根拠：不確実性と確認手順を含む実行可能な警告。
- A：誤報の危険。
- B：検証が必要。
- C：正答。不確実性と確認手順を含む実行可能な警告。
- D：不確実な記録も分析に必要。
無電池型環境センサーの導入と保守の現実・要旨
光や動きから電力を得る無電池型センサーでも、曇りや動きが少ないと電源不足になり、送信が止まる可能性がある。欠測の表示、校正・故障・修理、必要な場所の安定電源と比較し、設置数でなくデータ利用可能性を測る。
Q32：A Available ambient energy can vary, while transmitting data requires power.。正答根拠：環境から得られる電力は条件次第で変化する。
- A：正答。環境から得られる電力は条件次第で変化する。
- B：非電池の機器も測定可能。
- C：通信にも電力が必要。
- D：undefined
Q33：B Critical monitoring may require more dependable continuous information.。正答根拠：重要地点では連続する信頼できるデータが必要。
- A：保守は残る。
- B：正答。重要地点では連続する信頼できるデータが必要。
- C：データ保管には費用がある。
- D：undefined
Q34：C Document gaps instead of disguising them as actual measurements.。正答根拠：欠測を観測済みの値と混同しない。
- A：推計と実測は異なる。
- B：機器の全面廃棄は不要。
- C：正答。欠測を観測済みの値と混同しない。
- D：undefined
Q35：D By dependable, interpretable measurements at acceptable lifecycle cost.。正答根拠：役立つ信頼できる観測と総費用が最重要。
- A：購入数は代理指標。
- B：修理費は残る。
- C：広報数ではない。
- D：正答。役立つ信頼できる観測と総費用が最重要。
4つの長文の復習
- 養殖場：センサーの台数と養殖場・周辺の水質改善は別。
- 触知案内：印刷された図の正確さと現実の移動可能性は別。
- 衛星火災監視：熱反応と実際の火災を区別し、誤報と見逃しを検証。
- 無電池型センサー：電池がないことと悪天候でも連続稼働することは違う。
FAQ
英検1級Readingは何問ですか？
公式の試験形式では語句空所22問・長文空所6問・内容一致7問の合計35問です。
長文問題で強い断定は危険ですか？
本文にmay・might・propose等があるのに選択肢がguarantee・always・proven等へ変わる場合は、確実性が一致しない可能性があります。
公式の過去問ですか？
いいえ。慶英会独自の追加演習です。
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