英検準1級のseem・appear・be likely to｜to have done・to be doingの時制【独自40問】

英検準1級の長文で「seem to do」と「seem to have done」を同じ時制だと思うと、報告書や研究結果について「今の推量」と「過去の行為の推量」を取り違えます。慶英会ではseem・appear・be likely toの時制・受動態・確実性を、英文解釈12、4択12、誤文訂正8、独自長文8問の計40問で解説します。

日本英語検定協会｜準1級の出題形式には長文の語句空所補充6問・内容一致7問などがあります。本記事は構文を正確に読むための慶英会独自教材で、公式過去問ではありません。

結論｜4つの形と意味の違い

• seem to do：今の状態・一般的な行動のように見える。
• seem to be doing：基準時に進行中と推測される。
• seem to have done：基準時より前に完了・発生したように見える。
• appear to have been done：何かが以前に行われたという受動的な推量。行為者は必ずしも判明しない。
• be likely to do：実現可能性が高いという予測であり、必ず実現した事実ではない。
• be expected to do：期待・予測されたという意味。予測が的中したかどうかは別に確認する。

演習A｜時制・確実性・受動態を説明する12問

A1. The researcher seems to understand the new procedure.

A2. The researcher seems to be checking the records now.

A3. The researcher seems to have checked the records already.

A4. The samples appear to have been damaged during transport.

A5. The director appears to be discussing the proposal.

A6. The committee seems to have been reviewing the application for several weeks.

A7. The project is likely to require further investment.

A8. The facility is unlikely to reopen this week.

A9. The results appear to be consistent with earlier data.

A10. The system seems to have been used without proper checks.

A11. The program was expected to start in April, but it was postponed.

A12. The town appears to have underestimated the maintenance costs.

演習B｜時制と文脈で選ぶ4択12問

B1. The engineers seem ___ the bridge at this moment.

1. to have inspected
2. to be inspecting
3. to inspected
4. inspecting to

B2. The team appears ___ its report yesterday.

1. to have completed
2. to be completing
3. to complete now
4. completing to

B3. The documents appear ___ by the staff last night.

1. to be checking
2. to have checking
3. to being checked
4. to have been checked

B4. The bus service is likely ___ its route next year.

1. to have changed
2. to changing
3. to change
4. changing

B5. The shuttle is unlikely ___ today because of the storm.

1. to have operated tomorrow
2. to operate
3. to operating
4. operates to

B6. The project was expected ___ last summer, but construction was delayed.

1. to begin
2. to have begun before the expectation
3. to beginning
4. to be began

B7. The committee seems ___ a final decision already.

1. to be making at present
2. to making
3. to made
4. to have made

B8. The students appear ___ for over an hour.

1. to wait yesterday
2. to be wait
3. to have been waiting
4. to have waiting

B9. The files appear ___ from the folder before the inspection.

1. to be removing
2. to have been removed
3. to having removed
4. to removed

B10. The information seems ___ incomplete at present.

1. to be
2. to have been changed
3. being to
4. to being

B11. The school is likely ___ more applications next term.

1. to have received last term
2. to receiving
3. receiving to
4. to receive

B12. The figures appear ___ after the final survey was completed.

1. to changing
2. to change yesterday from now
3. to have changed
4. changing to

演習C｜誤った不定詞・受動形を訂正する8問

C1. The researchers seem to completed the survey.

C2. The equipment appears to be checked yesterday.

C3. The service is likely to changing its timetable next year.

C4. The manager seems have misunderstood the notice.

C5. The staff appear to being reviewing the proposal.

C6. The program was expected to began in May.

C7. The samples appear to have damaged during delivery.

C8. The council are unlikely to approves the plan today.

演習D｜独自4長文・内容一致8問

長文1｜公共施設の点検

A fictional town received reports that a bridge might need repairs. Engineers appeared to be examining the structure when residents arrived. A later note suggested that a damaged joint seemed to have been identified during an earlier inspection. Officials said the bridge was likely to remain closed for another week, but no final reopening date had been announced. They warned that a likely outcome should not be presented as a guarantee.

D1. What were engineers apparently doing when residents arrived?

1. Completing a final reopening ceremony.
2. Examining the bridge.
3. Canceling all public transport.
4. Painting the town hall.

D2. What was uncertain?

1. That residents arrived.
2. That engineers worked on the bridge.
3. The exact reopening date.
4. That a joint was mentioned.

長文2｜学校の調査報告

A school planned an online survey about homework. The team seemed to have collected most responses already, but some families had not been contacted. The director appeared to be reviewing the results and was expected to publish a summary the following week. Teachers warned that the findings might not represent every household, because only current users of the online system had responded.

D3. What does seemed to have collected indicate?

1. The team had apparently collected most responses before the time of observation, but not necessarily all of them.
2. The team would collect data next year only.
3. No responses had been received.
4. All households responded.

D4. Why was the sample limited?

1. The director canceled the survey.
2. Every family took part.
3. There were no online users.
4. It consisted of users who already used the system.

長文3｜博物館の保存作業

A museum director noticed that several objects appeared to have been moved from storage. The staff were likely to consult their movement records before making accusations. When the curator checked the inventory, she discovered that the objects had been transferred for cleaning with permission. The director reminded employees that an apparent change in location did not prove that anyone had acted improperly.

D5. What does appeared to have been moved express?

1. The objects moved themselves.
2. The move was certain to be illegal.
3. The objects apparently underwent a prior move.
4. The director was currently moving them.

D6. What did inventory records reveal?

1. Authorized transfer for cleaning.
2. Unreported permanent theft.
3. No cleaning activities.
4. The objects had been destroyed.

長文4｜地域の水道事業

A water utility reported that demand seemed to have risen during a dry period. Its staff appeared to be checking for leaks at several sites, although the measurements were not yet complete. Additional conservation measures were likely to be considered after the review. The manager emphasized that an increase in demand did not necessarily mean residents had wasted water, because other factors could influence consumption.

D7. What were workers apparently doing at that time?

1. Announcing the final outcome.
2. Checking sites for leaks.
3. Closing every water pipe.
4. Approving a new tax.

D8. What did the manager caution against?

1. Checking the measurements.
2. Considering future measures.
3. Discussing water demand.
4. Equating higher demand with proven waste by residents.

全40問の模範解答・和訳・詳しい解説

A｜英文12問

A1 模範訳：研究者は新しい手順を理解しているようだ。 構文：seems to understandは現在の状態の推測。理解を確認したと断定しない。

A2 模範訳：研究者は今、記録を確認しているようだ。 構文：to be checkingは今進行中の行為を推測。

A3 模範訳：研究者はすでに記録を確認したようだ。 構文：to have checkedはseemsの基準時より前の行為。

A4 模範訳：標本は輸送中に損傷したようだ。 構文：to have been damagedは過去の受動的な出来事の推測。誰が損傷させたかは示さない。

A5 模範訳：部長はその提案について協議しているようだ。 構文：to be discussingで進行中の動作を表す。

A6 模範訳：委員会は数週間にわたり申請を審査し続けてきたようだ。 構文：完了進行形で継続を示す。

A7 模範訳：事業には追加投資が必要となる可能性が高い。 構文：be likely toは可能性の評価で、必ず必要だと保証しない。

A8 模範訳：施設は今週中には再開しそうにない。 構文：unlikely toは可能性が低い。絶対に再開しないとの断定ではない。

A9 模範訳：結果は以前のデータと整合しているようだ。 構文：to be consistentは現在の状態の推測。

A10 模範訳：システムは適切な点検を受けずに使用されたようだ。 構文：to have been usedは過去の受動行為。

A11 模範訳：その制度は4月に始まると見込まれていたが、延期された。 構文：was expected toは当時の見通しで、実際に開始したとは限らない。

A12 模範訳：町は保守費を過小評価したようだ。 構文：to have underestimatedは過去の行為の推量。

B｜4択12問

B1 正解B：to be inspecting。日本語：技術者たちは今、橋を点検しているようだ。 解説：at this momentで進行中、to be＋-ing。

B2 正解A：to have completed。日本語：チームは昨日報告書を完成させたようだ。 解説：appearsは現在の推量で、to have completedはその推量より前の完了を示す。yesterdayは完成した時を表す。

B3 正解D：to have been checked。日本語：文書は昨晩職員に確認されたようだ。 解説：文書はチェックされる側。過去の受動完了形。

B4 正解C：to change。日本語：バスは来年路線を変更する可能性が高い。 解説：next yearの将来見込み。

B5 正解B：to operate。日本語：嵐のため連絡バスは今日は運行しそうにない。 解説：is unlikely to＋原形で現在・将来の可能性の低さ。

B6 正解A：to begin。日本語：工事は昨夏に始まる予定だったが延期された。 解説：過去の時点から見た将来の予定・見通し。

B7 正解D：to have made。日本語：委員会はもう最終決定をしたようだ。 解説：already＋結果として過去の判断を推量。

B8 正解C：to have been waiting。日本語：生徒は1時間以上待ち続けてきたようだ。 解説：for over an hourで継続した動作を示す。

B9 正解B：to have been removed。日本語：書類は点検前にフォルダから取り除かれたようだ。 解説：filesは取り除かれる側。過去の受動形。

B10 正解A：to be。日本語：情報は現在不完全なようだ。 解説：at presentで現時点の状態。

B11 正解D：to receive。日本語：学校には次の学期に応募が増える見込みだ。 解説：next termの将来見込み。

B12 正解C：to have changed。日本語：最終調査後に数値が変わったようだ。 解説：調査完了後の過去の変化を現在推測。

C｜誤文訂正8問

C1 修正文：The researchers seem to have completed the survey. 解説：seem＋to have＋過去分詞で以前の行為の推量。

C2 修正文：The equipment appears to have been checked yesterday. 解説：yesterdayの過去の受動的行為はto have been checked。

C3 修正文：The service is likely to change its timetable next year. 解説：likely to＋動詞の原形。

C4 修正文：The manager seems to have misunderstood the notice. 解説：seemの後ろにtoを補い、過去の推量。

C5 修正文：The staff appear to be reviewing the proposal. 解説：to be＋現在分詞で進行中。

C6 修正文：The program was expected to begin in May. 解説：expected to＋原形。

C7 修正文：The samples appear to have been damaged during delivery. 解説：samplesは損傷を受ける側なので受動形to have been damaged。

C8 修正文：The council is unlikely to approve the plan today. 解説：組織を単数として扱う米語系ではis、toの後はapprove原形。英国英語の集合名詞複数一致もあり得るが、ここでは単数扱いに統一。

D｜4長文8問の正答・本文根拠

長文1日本語内容：町の橋が修理を必要とする可能性が報告され、住民が到着したとき技術者は点検中のようだった。以前の点検で継ぎ目の損傷が見つかったらしいが、再開日は未確定である。

D1 正解B：Examining the bridge.。英文根拠：appeared to be examining the structure。進行中の推測。

D2 正解C：The exact reopening date.。英文根拠：no final reopening date had been announced。見込みと確定を区別。

長文2日本語内容：学校は宿題に関するオンライン調査で回答の大半をすでに収集したようだが、一部家庭には連絡が届いていなかった。部長は集計を確認中らしく、翌週の要約公表が見込まれていた。

D3 正解A：The team had apparently collected most responses before the time of observation, but not necessarily all of them.。英文根拠：seemed to have collected most responses already。to have collectedは推量の基準時より前の行動を表し、most responsesは大部分であって全員分の収集完了ではない。

D4 正解D：It consisted of users who already used the system.。英文根拠：only current users of the online system had responded。対象者の偏り。

長文3日本語内容：資料が保管庫から移されたように見えたが、記録を確認すると許可のある清掃のための移動だった。見た目の変化を不適切行為の証拠とみなさないよう、記録で確認した。

D5 正解C：The objects apparently underwent a prior move.。英文根拠：appeared to have been moved from storage。過去の受動的出来事の推量。

D6 正解A：Authorized transfer for cleaning.。英文根拠：transferred for cleaning with permission。公式記録で理由を確認。

長文4日本語内容：乾季に水需要が増えたようで、職員は漏水を調査中だった。測定が終わった後に追加節水策が検討される見込みだが、需要増が住民の浪費を直ちに意味するわけではない。

D7 正解B：Checking sites for leaks.。英文根拠：appeared to be checking for leaks。進行中の観測。

D8 正解D：Equating higher demand with proven waste by residents.。英文根拠：did not necessarily mean residents had wasted water。観測と原因の断定は別。

英文要約におけるよくある失点

The team seems to have verified the results.を「チームが結果を検証したことは証明済みだ」と書くと推量が消えてしまいます。The team appears to have verified …／The team seems to have verified …のように確実性を維持します。またbe likely toの予測をwillの確約やhad doneの実績へ変えないようにしてください。

7日間の復習

1. 1日目：A12問で基準時を示す
2. 2日目：B12問でto doとto have doneを区別
3. 3日目：C8問の誤りを直す
4. 4日目：D4長文8問を根拠付きで解く
5. 5日目：seem to doとseem to be doingの自作文を各3文
6. 6日目：to have done・to have been doneの自作文を各3文
7. 7日目：英検協会の公式過去問で時制と推量を確認する

よくある質問

seem to have doneは現在完了形ですか？

完了不定詞です。主節の動詞seemの基準時より前の行為を表し、現在完了の時制と完全に同じ構造ではありません。

appearとseemは常に同じですか？

近い意味で使われることは多いものの、証拠からの見え方や文体に差が出る場合があります。どちらも確定的な証明の意味とは限りません。

be likely toとwillは同じですか？

be likely toは可能性が高いという予測を明示します。willにも予測の用法はありますが、文章で示された確実性の程度を勝手に変えないことが重要です。

この40問から英検CSEスコアが計算できますか？

できません。慶英会の独自構文教材であり、公式の問題数や採点を再現していません。

関連教材・慶英会の無料体験

It is said that・be said to have doneの受動態24問／過去完了・時制の一致24問／限定副詞と推量の40問。

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日本英語検定協会｜準1級の試験内容。2026年10月28日確認。全文・設問・全解答は慶英会が独自制作しました。