慶英会 塾長
慶英グループ CEO
一般選抜にて慶應義塾大学合格（英語入試正答率97％）
成績優秀者（慶應義塾維持会奨学生）として
慶應義塾大学を卒業（2023年）
一般財団法人 慶應連合三田会
慶應義塾横浜三田会 会員
高校在学中に英検1級取得
公益財団法人 日本英語検定協会「成績優秀者」に選出
中高主要科目で「オール5」
（最高評価・高校偏差値70）
国内最高峰の英語スピーチコンテスト
「高円宮杯全日本中学校英語弁論大会」
横浜市大会入賞・神奈川県大会進出
米国高校留学中、唯一の日本人として
全米最大級の高校生リーダーシップ団体
「FBLA」主催の英語スピーチコンテストに出場
ニューヨーク州大会準優勝・全米大会進出
米国の在籍高校代表として
「シカゴ国際模擬国連会議」に出場
慶應義塾大学在学中より英語指導を行い
「英語個別指導オンライン塾｜慶英会」を設立
小学生から、現役英語講師・英検面接官を含む
社会人まで数百名以上を指導
（最前列左から2人目：塾長）
英検2級の長文を読んで must have done、might have done、should have done の意味が混ざってしまう人へ。これらは現在の義務を表すmust doとは異なり、過去の出来事に対して『強い推量』『かもしれない』『しておくべきだった』などの意味を持ちます。慶英会では過去への強い推量、可能性、不可能の推測、後悔、反実仮想の5分野から独自4択30問・英文修正12問・長文内容一致8問、計50問を制作しました。学校英文法を初見の英検2級Readingへ移し、Writingで誤った推測・事実を混ぜないための無料教材です。
結論｜must have・might have・should haveは同じ意味ではない
must have leftは状況から『帰ったに違いない』と強く推測する表現です。might have leftは『帰ったかもしれない』という可能性で、should have leftは『帰るべきだった』と過去の行動を振り返る表現です。文脈を読まずにhave＋過去分詞という形だけで判断しないようにしましょう。
英検2級の公式出題形式と本教材の位置づけ
英検協会の2級試験内容では、Readingは短文語句空所補充17問、長文語句空所補充6問、長文内容一致8問です。Writingには英文要約1題・意見英作文1題があります。助動詞＋have＋過去分詞だけが一定数出題されるという保証はありません。独自例文を使って推量と事実の範囲を正確に読めるか確かめてください。
5つの基本形を比較する
| 英文の形 | 基本的な意味 | 断定と区別 |
|---|---|---|
| must have left | 帰ったに違いない | 強い推量 |
| might have left | 帰ったかもしれない | 可能性にとどまる |
| couldn’t have left | 帰ったはずはない | 過去の不可能を推測 |
| should have left | 帰るべきだった | 後悔・批判など |
| would have left | （条件が違えば）帰っただろう | 過去の反実仮想 |
独自4択30問｜過去への推量・後悔・反実仮想
1．must have＋過去分詞｜過去への強い推量
確かな観察・状況を根拠に、過去の出来事を強く推測します。客観的な確証そのものとは区別します。
独自文法1
The museum doors were locked and all lights were off. The staff ___ for the day.
- must have left
- must leave
- should leave
- will leave
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
A．must have left。施錠と消灯から、すでに帰ったと強く推測。
独自文法2
The floor is wet, and nobody spilled water. It ___ last night.
- must rain
- must have rained
- should rain
- must be rain
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
B．must have rained。濡れた床から昨夜の雨を推測。
独自文法3
Ken arrived with a completed report although he was absent yesterday. He ___ it at home.
- must finish
- must be finished
- must have finished
- must finishing
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
C．must have finished。すでに完成という事実から過去の行動を推測。
独自文法4
The lights are on and the equipment has been moved. Someone ___ the room.
- must enter
- must be entered
- must entering
- must have entered
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
D．must have entered。部屋の状態から誰かが入ったと推測。
独自文法5
The train departed early and Aya reached the station too late. She ___ the train.
- must have missed
- must miss
- must be missed
- must missing
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
A．must have missed。発車済みと到着の遅れから乗り遅れを推測。
独自文法6
The documents were neatly organized before the manager came. Someone ___ them earlier.
- must organize
- must have organized
- must be organizing
- must have organizing
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
B．must have organized。過去の整理作業が行われたという強い推量。
2．may / might have＋過去分詞｜過去の可能性
過去にそうだったかもしれないことを示し、断定を避けます。
独自文法7
I cannot find the email. I ___ it by mistake.
- must delete
- should delete
- might have deleted
- might deleting
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
C．might have deleted。削除したかもしれない、可能性を残す。
独自文法8
The center was closed yesterday. There ___ a staff training session.
- may be
- may have
- may having
- may have been
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
D．may have been。昨日の閉館理由は不明で、研修だった可能性。
独自文法9
The student did not answer the call. She ___ her phone at home.
- might have left
- must leave
- might leaving
- should leaves
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
A．might have left。携帯を置き忘れた可能性だが確定しない。
独自文法10
The report arrived late. The delivery company ___ a technical problem.
- may face
- may have faced
- may faces
- may be face
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
B．may have faced。技術的な問題があった可能性。
独自文法11
Nobody knows why the attendance was low. The bad weather ___ a reason.
- might be caused
- might causing
- might have been
- might be have
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
C．might have been。悪天候が原因の一つだったかもしれない。
独自文法12
The museum guide is missing. A visitor ___ it to another room.
- may have took
- may take
- may taking
- may have taken
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
D．may have taken。持ち去った可能性。takeの過去分詞taken。
3．can’t / couldn’t have＋過去分詞｜過去の不可能を推測
現時点の情報に照らし、過去の出来事が不可能・考えにくいと判断します。
独自文法13
The museum was closed all Monday. The school group ___ it that day.
- can’t have visited
- can’t visited
- can’t visiting
- can’t have visit
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
A．can’t have visited。月曜終日閉館なら見学したはずがない。
独自文法14
The event began at nine, but the bus arrived at ten. The class ___ there at the start.
- couldn’t be
- couldn’t have been
- couldn’t being
- couldn’t have be
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
B．couldn’t have been。バス到着10時なので開始時の現地にはいられない。
独自文法15
The camera was locked in the office, and the office was closed. Someone ___ it from the desk during that time.
- couldn’t have took
- couldn’t taking
- couldn’t have taken
- couldn’t took
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
C．couldn’t have taken。当該時間の持ち出しは条件上不可能と推測。
独自文法16
The teacher received the essay yesterday. It ___ this morning.
- can’t being submitted
- can’t submit
- can’t submitted
- can’t have been submitted
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
D．can’t have been submitted。受領が昨日なら提出が今朝だけだったはずはない。
独自文法17
The library has no digital booking service. Residents ___ online there last year.
- couldn’t have booked
- couldn’t booking
- couldn’t be book
- couldn’t booked
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
A．couldn’t have booked。オンライン手段が存在しないため予約できない。
独自文法18
The meeting ended before noon, and the visitor arrived at two. The visitor ___ the meeting.
- can’t attending
- can’t have attended
- can’t attend
- can’t having
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
B．can’t have attended。遅い到着で会議に参加できなかったと推測。
4．should / shouldn’t have＋過去分詞｜過去への後悔・批判
起こらなかった望ましい行動、または避けるべきだった行動を振り返ります。
独自文法19
I missed the deadline because I forgot to check the date. I ___ the instructions earlier.
- should read
- should reading
- should have read
- should have reading
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
C．should have read。読んでおけばよかったという反省。
独自文法20
The students shared a private video without permission. They ___ it publicly.
- should post
- should have post
- should posting
- shouldn’t have posted
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
D．shouldn’t have posted。公開すべきではなかったという後悔・批判。
独自文法21
We took the wrong train and arrived late. We ___ the platform number.
- should have checked
- should checking
- should checked
- should have checking
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
A．should have checked。確認しておくべきだった。
独自文法22
The staff forgot to tell families that the room had changed. They ___ the notice.
- should updating
- should have updated
- should updates
- should be update
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
B．should have updated。通知を更新しておくべきだった。
独自文法23
The volunteers carried heavy equipment without checking the rules. They ___ help first.
- should ask
- should asking
- should have asking
- should have asked
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
D．should have asked。本来は助けを求めるべきだった。
独自文法24
The librarian accidentally deleted the booking list. She ___ a backup before making changes.
- should make
- should made
- should have made
- should have making
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
C．should have made。バックアップを取っておけばよかった。
5．would have＋過去分詞｜過去の反実仮想
If … had done, … would have done の形では実際とは異なる過去の結果を想像します。
独自文法25
If the teacher had told us about the room change, we ___ on time.
- would arrive
- would have arrived
- will arrive
- have arrived
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
B．would have arrived。過去の仮定と結果はwould have arrived。
独自文法26
If the bus had left earlier, the students ___ the museum before ten.
- would reach
- would reaching
- would have reached
- would reached
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
C．would have reached。過去に発車していれば到着しただろう。
独自文法27
I would have joined the workshop if I ___ about it earlier.
- know
- knew
- have known
- had known
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
D．had known。条件節は過去完了。
独自文法28
If the file had been saved online, we ___ it on another computer.
- could have opened
- can open
- could opened
- have opening
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
A．could have opened。過去に保存されていたなら開けた可能性。
独自文法29
The class would have continued outdoors if the weather ___ better.
- was
- had been
- has been
- will be
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
B．had been。if＋had been。
独自文法30
If we had checked the costs first, we ___ the more expensive plan.
- might avoid
- might be avoiding
- might have avoided
- might avoided
正答と確実性・時制の根拠
C．might have avoided。過去に検討していれば回避できたかもしれない。
誤文修正12問｜haveの位置・過去分詞・過去の条件
不自然な英文の修正1
She must finished the report yesterday.
改善英文と解説
She must have finished the report yesterday.
過去への強い推量はmust have＋過去分詞。
不自然な英文の修正2
It may rained during the night.
改善英文と解説
It may have rained during the night.
may have＋過去分詞。
不自然な英文の修正3
The teacher can’t have saw the email.
改善英文と解説
The teacher can’t have seen the email.
seeの過去分詞はseen。
不自然な英文の修正4
I should checked the timetable earlier.
改善英文と解説
I should have checked the timetable earlier.
過去への反省はshould have checked。
不自然な英文の修正5
The students shouldn’t have share the private picture.
改善英文と解説
The students shouldn’t have shared the private picture.
haveの後は過去分詞shared。
不自然な英文の修正6
If I knew about the event yesterday, I would have joined.
改善英文と解説
If I had known about the event yesterday, I would have joined.
過去反実仮想のif節はhad known。
不自然な英文の修正7
They might had left before the meeting ended.
改善英文と解説
They might have left before the meeting ended.
助動詞mightの後はhave（原形）。
不自然な英文の修正8
The train must have leave earlier.
改善英文と解説
The train must have left earlier.
leaveの過去分詞left。
不自然な英文の修正9
He should have went to the information desk.
改善英文と解説
He should have gone to the information desk.
goの過去分詞gone。
不自然な英文の修正10
If the room had been free, we will have used it.
改善英文と解説
If the room had been free, we would have used it.
過去反実仮想の結果はwould have＋過去分詞。
不自然な英文の修正11
The library couldn’t have be open because the building was locked.
改善英文と解説
The library couldn’t have been open because the building was locked.
beの過去分詞been。
不自然な英文の修正12
We might have knew the reason earlier.
改善英文と解説
We might have known the reason earlier.
knowの過去分詞known。
オリジナル長文2題・内容一致8問
本文で誰の推測か、確認済みの事実か、過去の後悔かを整理してから解答してください。
独自長文1｜学校の集合場所が変わった日
A school organized a museum visit for its students. The teacher sent an email with the correct meeting place on Thursday, but some students did not read it. They went to the old entrance and missed the school bus. The teacher said they should have checked the updated message before leaving home. Another student suggested that the bus might have departed a few minutes early, but staff confirmed that it had left at the scheduled time. If the students had read the email, they would have gone to the correct entrance.長文内容一致1
What should the late students have done?
- Checked the updated message.
- Bought a new bus.
- Canceled the trip.
- Waited at the museum.
正答と本文の根拠
A．Checked the updated message.。should have checked message。
長文内容一致2
What did one student suggest?
- The museum had closed.
- The bus might have left early.
- No bus had been arranged.
- The event had ended.
正答と本文の根拠
B．The bus might have left early.。might have departed early＝一人の推測。
長文内容一致3
What did staff confirm?
- The bus was canceled.
- The bus had broken down.
- The bus departed on schedule.
- The teacher forgot to send the email.
正答と本文の根拠
C．The bus departed on schedule.。staff confirmed departure as scheduled。
長文内容一致4
What would probably have changed if the students had read the email?
- They would have moved the museum.
- They would have canceled the trip.
- They would have needed new tickets.
- They would have gone to the correct entrance.
正答と本文の根拠
D．They would have gone to the correct entrance.。if they had read … they would have gone。
独自長文2｜デジタル図書館の予約トラブル
A library introduced a digital room-booking system. During a busy week, one visitor lost a reservation because the confirmation email went to an old address. She said she might have entered the wrong address when registering. Library staff found that the system had sent a message to the address on her application. The visitor realized she should have checked the contact details before submitting the form. The library also advised members to keep copies of their confirmation messages. If the visitor had noticed the mistake earlier, she could have asked staff to correct the address.長文内容一致5
What might the visitor have done incorrectly?
- Entered an old email address.
- Reserved two rooms.
- Lost her library card.
- Forgot the meeting location.
正答と本文の根拠
A．Entered an old email address.。might have entered wrong address。
長文内容一致6
What had the library system done?
- Canceled all reservations.
- Sent confirmation to the listed address.
- Stopped serving visitors.
- Deleted every record.
正答と本文の根拠
B．Sent confirmation to the listed address.。staff found it sent to application address。
長文内容一致7
What does the visitor regret?
- Opening a library account.
- Reading the website.
- Not checking her contact details.
- Keeping a copy of the message.
正答と本文の根拠
C．Not checking her contact details.。should have checked details。
長文内容一致8
What could have happened if she noticed the issue earlier?
- The library would have closed.
- The room would have disappeared.
- The booking fee would have doubled.
- She could have requested a correction.
正答と本文の根拠
D．She could have requested a correction.。could have asked staff to correct address。
学校英語から英検2級に応用する4段階
- must・may・might・should・wouldの意味を確認する
- have＋過去分詞を置くことで過去への言及になるか読む
- 推測・後悔・実際の出来事の確実さを区別する
- 初見の公式過去問で同じ表現に出会ったら、主語と時点を確認する
7日間の復習方法
1〜5日目に各分野6問ずつ、6日目に英文修正12問、7日目に長文2題を解きます。答えの番号を暗記せず、must haveとmight haveのどちらが文脈上妥当かを説明する練習を行ってください。
よくある質問
must have doneは必ず事実として確認された過去ですか？
いいえ。証拠から強く推測している場合があります。本文が何を確認済みと述べたかも確認してください。
should have doneとmust have doneは同じですか？
異なります。should haveは過去の後悔・批判など、must haveは過去への強い推量を表します。
過去分詞は必ず-ed形ですか？
いいえ。go→gone、see→seen、take→takenなど不規則変化もあります。
この50問の正答数で合格点は計算できますか？
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関連する無料教材・主な公式情報
慶英会制作・監修：慶應義塾大学卒・英検1級の塾長。独自4択30問・誤文修正12問・オリジナル長文2題と内容一致8問は当塾制作の教材です。英検協会の過去問やNEW TREASURE本文は転載していません。
英検対策を個別に相談したい保護者様へ
慶英会 塾長｜慶應義塾大学卒・英検1級
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