英検準2級プラスのsource・reference・citation・bibliography｜出典と参考文献の独自40問【全訳】

慶英会 塾長｜慶應義塾大学卒・英検1級
中高一貫校の学校英語・NEW TREASURE・英検対策を専門とするオンライン個別指導塾です。塾長紹介

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英検準2級プラスの学校・科学・歴史の長文では、source（情報源）・reference（参照文献の情報）・citation（本文中の出典表示）・bibliography（参考文献一覧）を区別して読むと、情報の根拠と確実性を判断しやすくなります。出典を書いたことと、長い文章を無断転載できることは同じではありません。慶英会の独自40問（語彙8問・長文4題32問）を全解答・全文和訳付きで収録しました。

結論｜情報源・引用・文献一覧は異なる役割

• source：情報を得た元の資料・人・記録。an official report as a source。
• citation：本文中で資料の出所を明示する記述。引用の形式は学校・学術分野で異なる。
• reference：本文で示した資料の完全な文献情報、または参照先。
• bibliography：調べた文献などの一覧。実際に引用した資料以外を含むかは指定様式による。
• quotation / paraphrase：原文の直接引用／意味を保った言い換え。どちらでも適切な出典表示が必要な場合がある。

今回の教材は原資料を確認する→本文中に根拠を示す→必要な出典情報をまとめるという流れで学びます。実際の学校レポートでは先生が指定する引用形式に従ってください。

英検準2級プラスの公式試験形式

日本英語検定協会による準2級プラスReadingには、短文語句空所補充17問、長文語句空所補充6問、長文内容一致8問があります。科学・教育・歴史などの説明文も範囲です。公式試験内容。以下は慶英会独自教材であり、英検協会の公式過去問ではありません。

Part 1｜研究・引用・出典の語彙8問

問1

The original document from which a fact was taken is its ___.

問2

A short note showing where a statement came from is a ___.

問3

Students should include a full ___ for each work they cite.

問4

An organized list of sources consulted for a project may be a ___.

問5

A statement copied exactly from a document is a direct ___.

問6

Writing an idea using different words while keeping its meaning is to ___.

問7

Researchers should ___ claims against the original record.

問8

A writer should avoid presenting another person’s work as their ___.

Part 2｜学校・博物館・図書館の4長文32問

本文の出典や数値に注目してください。「引用済み」「参考にした」「信頼できるか未確認」を混同しないことが大切です。

長文1｜学校の環境レポート｜引用表示と参考文献一覧

Reading passage（慶英会オリジナル）

A junior high school class prepared a report about river conservation. One group used an official town report, a science book from the library and notes from an interview with a park worker. The teacher called these three items information sources. In the draft, the students wrote a figure from the town report but did not show where the figure came from. The teacher asked them to add a citation beside that statement and include complete source details in the reference list. The class also considered a fourth article but decided not to use it because they could not verify its main claim. The teacher explained that a bibliography may include material consulted during research, depending on the required style, whereas a reference list normally identifies works actually cited. The students followed the school’s specific instructions rather than assuming every academic style used the words identically. They kept the town report’s figure unchanged and made clear which facts came from each source.

問9. How many information sources did the group use?

A. Two ／ B. Three ／ C. Four ／ D. Five

問10. Where did the report’s numerical figure originally come from?

A. The park interview ／ B. The science book ／ C. The official town report ／ D. A social-media comment

問11. What problem did the teacher identify in the draft?

A. The figure lacked a citation ／ B. The paper was too long ／ C. Students had no interview ／ D. The report had no title

問12. Where were complete source details required?

A. Only in the interview ／ B. On a bus ticket ／ C. In the school calendar ／ D. In the reference list

問13. Why was the fourth article not used?

A. It was too short ／ B. Its main claim could not be verified ／ C. It was a library item ／ D. It had a date

問14. What might a bibliography include, depending on style?

A. Only published books ／ B. Only interviews ／ C. Materials consulted during research ／ D. Only unpublished works

問15. What normally identifies works actually cited?

A. A reference list ／ B. A classroom schedule ／ C. A poster ／ D. An interview invitation

問16. What determined the format the class followed?

A. A random website ／ B. A friend’s preference ／ C. The library opening hours ／ D. The school’s specific instructions

長文2｜地域史の展示｜一次資料と引用文

Reading passage（慶英会オリジナル）

A local museum created an exhibition about an old railway station. The curator found a letter written by a station employee during the year the station closed. The letter became a source for the exhibition. The museum displayed one short sentence from the letter as a direct quotation and added a citation identifying the writer, date and document. The exhibition also included a modern historian’s explanation of the station’s history. The curator made sure that visitors could distinguish the historical letter from the later interpretation. One volunteer suggested copying three long paragraphs from the historian’s book without showing the source. The curator rejected this plan and instead wrote a shorter paraphrase with an appropriate citation, while checking the museum’s permission requirements. Another volunteer assumed that using a citation automatically meant any length of text could be reproduced. The curator explained that source acknowledgment and permission to reproduce material are different questions. The exhibition’s final source list identified the documents used in its published explanations.

問17. Who wrote the historical letter?

A. A modern museum visitor ／ B. A station employee ／ C. A student last week ／ D. The current mayor

問18. When had the employee written it?

A. After the exhibition ／ B. One hundred years later ／ C. In the station’s closing year ／ D. On the museum’s opening day

問19. What did the museum quote directly?

A. One short sentence from the letter ／ B. Three whole chapters ／ C. A school textbook ／ D. An unrelated interview

問20. What information accompanied the direct quotation?

A. The train fare only ／ B. The curator’s phone number ／ C. Only the museum’s logo ／ D. Writer, date and document

問21. What did the curator want visitors to distinguish?

A. Old tickets from new buses ／ B. The original letter from later interpretation ／ C. The museum from a library ／ D. Short words from long words

問22. What did the volunteer propose copying without a source?

A. One date ／ B. A museum sign ／ C. Three long paragraphs from a historian’s book ／ D. One photograph title

問23. What alternative did the curator use?

A. A shorter paraphrase with citation and permission checks ／ B. A longer uncited copy ／ C. No explanation of history ／ D. An invented quotation

問24. What did the curator say citation did NOT automatically grant?

A. A reference to the source ／ B. A record of the quotation ／ C. A document’s date ／ D. Permission to reproduce any amount

長文3｜図書館の情報講座｜一次資料を確認する

Reading passage（慶英会オリジナル）

A public library offered a workshop about checking online information. The instructor showed students an article claiming that a local school had doubled the number of its science clubs. The article quoted a number but provided no link or reference to the school’s original figures. Students checked the school’s annual report, which listed four science clubs in the earlier year and six in the later year. They calculated that the number had increased by two clubs, or 50 percent, rather than doubled. The instructor asked students to cite the annual report when using those figures. The class then wrote a short paraphrase of the corrected information instead of repeating the article’s inaccurate statement. A student suggested that a polished website must be reliable even without references. The instructor explained that design alone did not verify the facts. The library recommended checking sources, recording publication dates and distinguishing original data from somebody else’s summary. The class ended by making a reference list of the materials actually used in the report.

問25. What did the article claim had happened?

A. Science clubs had closed ／ B. The number of science clubs had doubled ／ C. All clubs moved online ／ D. The school had no science clubs

問26. How many clubs appeared in the earlier report?

A. Two ／ B. Six ／ C. Four ／ D. Eight

問27. How many clubs appeared in the later report?

A. Six ／ B. Four ／ C. Eight ／ D. Twelve

問28. What was the actual increase in club count?

A. Four ／ B. Six ／ C. Eight ／ D. Two

問29. What was the relative percentage increase?

A. 25% ／ B. 50% ／ C. 100% ／ D. 150%

問30. Which source did the instructor recommend citing?

A. The unsupported blog statement ／ B. The library’s brochure ／ C. The school’s annual report ／ D. The website’s color scheme

問31. What did students write instead of the false claim?

A. A corrected paraphrase ／ B. A longer unsupported quote ／ C. An advertisement ／ D. A personal rumor

問32. What did the instructor say about website design?

A. It always proves truth ／ B. It identifies every source ／ C. It replaces dates ／ D. It cannot alone verify factual claims

長文4｜学校の共同研究｜出典をそろえて成果を公表

Reading passage（慶英会オリジナル）

Four students prepared a poster about the history of a public park. They consulted an original town map, an interview with a longtime resident and a modern guidebook. The map showed where the park entrance had been located, while the interview described how residents remembered using the space. The guidebook summarized older records and offered a broader interpretation. The teacher asked students to identify the source of each factual statement. The poster originally gave the date of a park renovation without a citation. After checking the town’s official record, the group added a source note beside the date and included full details in its final references. They also removed an interesting anecdote because they could not verify it. Two students wanted to copy a large section of the guidebook word for word. The teacher explained that rewriting it in their own words with attribution was preferable for this task, and that attribution did not replace any required permission to reproduce copyrighted work. The completed poster kept facts, memories and interpretations in separate sections.

問33. How many students prepared the poster?

A. Three ／ B. Four ／ C. Five ／ D. Six

問34. Which source showed the old entrance location?

A. The modern guidebook only ／ B. An advertisement ／ C. An original town map ／ D. The school timetable

問35. What did the interview describe?

A. Residents’ memories of using the park ／ B. Exact measurements from a lab ／ C. The public bus fare ／ D. A future renovation plan

問36. What did the guidebook provide?

A. Only an original map ／ B. A school membership list ／ C. The original interview recording ／ D. A summary and broader interpretation

問37. What was missing beside the renovation date?

A. A school logo ／ B. A citation ／ C. A color photograph ／ D. A bus route

問38. What was added after checking the official record?

A. An invented date ／ B. A new park entrance ／ C. A source note and reference details ／ D. A longer unverified story

問39. Why was the anecdote removed?

A. It could not be verified ／ B. It was too short ／ C. A museum wanted it ／ D. It included a map

問40. How was the final poster organized?

A. By ticket price only ／ B. Without any sources ／ C. As a list of rumors ／ D. Facts, memories and interpretations in separate sections

復習｜引用情報を読み取る5つの手順

• sourceが原報告書・本・インタビューのどれかを判定する。
• 引用表示がある箇所とない箇所を見つける。
• reference listが実際に本文で使われた資料を記録しているかを確認する。
• 主張が原資料の数字と一致するか検算する。
• 翌日と一週間後に40問を再解答し、本文中の根拠を指摘する。

FAQ

citationとreferenceの違いは？

citationは本文中の出典表示、referenceは参照先の完全な文献情報を指すことが多い語です。採用する形式で定義が異なる場合があります。

bibliographyとreference listは同じですか？

同じように使われる場合もありますが、bibliographyが調べた資料まで含むこともあり、具体的な範囲は指定された形式によります。

出典さえ書けば著作物を何でも転載できますか？

いいえ。出典の明示と、転載のために必要な許可・法的条件は別の問題です。

関連する慶英会の無料教材

• firsthand・secondhand・primary・secondary source｜一次資料の40問
• survey・interview・experiment｜調査方法の40問
• 相関と因果｜科学的な推論の40問

英検準2級プラスの根拠・資料・社会の長文とNEW TREASUREの英語学習を一体的に進めたい場合は、慶英会の最大1か月無料体験・学習相談をご確認ください。本教材は無料・申込み不要です。

公式出題形式：日本英語検定協会「準2級プラスの試験内容」。本文・設問・解答・全文和訳は慶英会独自の架空教材です。

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慶英会 塾長｜慶應義塾大学卒・英検1級。中高一貫校の学校英語・NEW TREASURE・英検対策を専門としています。塾長の経歴・指導方針を確認する