英検準1級の長文this・these・theyは何を指す？指示語の独自8長文16問と全解説

英検準1級の長文でthis、these、they、such、the former、the latterが何を指すか分からなくなると、単語をすべて訳せても段落の意味を取り違えることがあります。例えば “These figures were high.” のtheseが「再生回数とクイズ完了数」を指すのか、「生徒のテスト得点」を指すのかで、研究や制度の評価が変わります。英検協会の準1級は長文の語句空所補充6問・内容一致7問の現行形式です。公式の試験内容に基づき、慶英会が読解の基礎技能を独立教材にしました。

このページは慶英会オリジナルの短い2段落長文8本、指示語と照応を問う4択16問、全解答と指示先の根拠解説、14日間の復習計画を収録しています。既存の関係詞・倒置・分詞構文30文とは異なり、文章をまたいで指示語が何を指すか、何をまとめているかを判断することに特化しています。問題文は英検協会の過去問の転載ではありません。

目次：指示語を読む4手順／独自8長文16問／全解答と指示先／14日練習／FAQ。

慶英会・関連する英検準1級の無料教材：one・ones・that・do soの省略・代用36問。本文の名詞・数量・根拠を実際に言い換え、初見問題へ応用できるか確かめましょう。

英検準1級の関連無料教材：読解の指示語からPart2音声へ進む独自24問。慶英会独自の問題・全解答を使い、初見でも同じ方法を再現できるか確認しましょう。

慶英会の準1級・追加無料教材：指示語と合わせて発言主体を判断する6長文24問。英語の内容・理由を説明できるまで、本文の根拠と回答の完成度を確認してください。

関連の準1級無料問題：指示語と共に学ぶ関係副詞・非制限用法36問。慶英会の独自解説を使い、文の主語・修飾・時系列を確認できます。

英検準1級の長文演習：指示語を理解した後の筆者の主張・条件・推論24問。慶英会の独自8長文・全解答で、本文の限定的な主張と選択肢の断定を区別できます。

慶英会の準1級・関連無料教材：指示語を把握した後の長文誤答24問。単語の意味と本文根拠を区別して、初見の設問へ応用しましょう。

英検準1級・ほかの学習課題：語彙・長文・英作文など無料教材38記事。苦手技能に応じた慶英会の独自問題と全解答を選べます。

this / these / they / such / former / latter の4つの読み方

• ①単数・複数：it / thisは単数や直前の出来事、they / theseは複数の対象を指す場合がある。文脈で確認する。
• ②前の名詞句だけに限定しない：this problem / this approachは、前文に述べられた状況や方策全体を受けることがある。
• ③former / latter：二つの候補が順番に示された場合、formerは先、latterは後。
• ④意味を戻して検証：指示語を候補の名詞句・出来事に置き換え、段落の主張が自然に通じるか確認する。

近くにある単語が必ず先行詞とは限りません。先行対象を入れ替えたときに意味が通じるか、前後の論理に矛盾がないかまで確かめます。

独自8長文・指示語の4択16問

長文は慶英会による架空の教育・社会的な設定です。各文章を読み、指示語の直前と直後から根拠を探して答えてください。

長文1｜家庭の図書・端末貸出

Paragraph 1：Some public libraries lend portable computers to visitors who cannot afford suitable equipment for online applications. The devices allow users to complete forms and access educational resources during their loans. However, a computer is only one part of what makes an online service accessible. Some households have no reliable connection to the internet, and others need help interpreting complex instructions.

Paragraph 2：To address this problem, one library has prepared downloadable forms and offers short guidance sessions. These services are intended to help visitors complete important tasks even when they cannot remain online throughout the day. The library checks whether people finish their applications, rather than treating the number of devices lent as proof of success.

Q1｜指示先を選ぶ

What does ‘this problem’ refer to?

• A. A sudden shortage of printed novels.
• B. An increase in the library’s electricity bill.
• C. Barriers that remain even after people borrow computers.
• D. A ban on downloading information.

Q2｜指示先を選ぶ

What does ‘These services’ mean?

• A. Downloadable forms and guidance sessions.
• B. The borrowed computers alone.
• C. The internet connection inside every home.
• D. The number of library membership cards.

長文2｜地域の共有工具と保守

Paragraph 1：Residents occasionally need equipment such as ladders and power drills for short household projects. Several neighborhoods have introduced tool-lending programs so that people do not have to buy expensive items they rarely use. Supporters believe this arrangement may reduce unnecessary purchases. But equipment can break, and poor maintenance may create safety risks for borrowers.

Paragraph 2：Organizers have introduced inspections before and after each loan. They also offer demonstrations for tools that require special care. Such measures can make lending safer, but they require additional staff time and funding. The organizers therefore evaluate repair costs alongside usage rather than counting only the number of registered borrowers.

Q3｜指示先を選ぶ

What does ‘this arrangement’ refer to?

• A. Purchasing new equipment for each household.
• B. Sharing equipment through a tool-lending program.
• C. Hiring professionals to repair every house.
• D. Replacing ladders with computers.

Q4｜指示先を選ぶ

Which activities are meant by ‘Such measures’?

• A. Removing all borrowing rules.
• B. Increasing the sales price of tools.
• C. Canceling the lending service.
• D. Inspections and safe-use demonstrations.

長文3｜環境対策の二つの案

Paragraph 1：A town is comparing two ways to reduce traffic near its railway station. The first would provide more secure bicycle parking, allowing commuters to combine cycling with train travel. The second would add a frequent shuttle bus between residential areas and the station. The former could be relatively inexpensive to operate once the facilities were built, while the latter might help residents who cannot cycle.

Paragraph 2：Town officials do not expect either option to solve every problem. Bicycle storage needs suitable locations and protection against theft, whereas shuttle buses require drivers, fuel, and ongoing scheduling. They plan to compare actual demand, maintenance, and accessibility before deciding whether the two approaches should be combined.

Q5｜指示先を選ぶ

What does ‘The former’ refer to?

• A. A shuttle bus between homes and the station.
• B. A plan to close the train station.
• C. An increase in private car parking.
• D. Additional secure bicycle parking.

Q6｜指示先を選ぶ

What does ‘the latter’ refer to?

• A. Bicycle racks near shops.
• B. A frequent neighborhood shuttle bus.
• C. The existing train service.
• D. A bicycle-repair class.

長文4｜教員研修の成果

Paragraph 1：A training center offers short online courses for teachers who want to use new educational software. Its first evaluation focused on the number of videos watched and quizzes completed. These figures were high, and administrators initially described the program as a success. Yet some participants still had difficulty adapting the tools to unfamiliar classroom situations.

Paragraph 2：The center has now added practical assignments and feedback from experienced teachers. This change is designed to show whether participants can use the techniques with real students, rather than merely recognize definitions in multiple-choice questions. The director says that course completion is useful information, but it should not be confused with practical competence.

Q7｜指示先を選ぶ

What does ‘These figures’ refer to?

• A. Counts of viewed videos and completed quizzes.
• B. The number of teachers who changed schools.
• C. The cost of replacing every classroom computer.
• D. Students’ final examination scores.

Q8｜指示先を選ぶ

What does ‘This change’ refer to?

• A. Reducing every course to one video.
• B. Removing all classroom software.
• C. Adding realistic assignments and expert feedback.
• D. Preventing teachers from completing quizzes.

長文5｜歴史史料のオンライン公開

Paragraph 1：A museum digitized several collections of old letters and maps so that remote users could study them. However, some photographs lacked clear dates or information about their original owners. Without this context, readers could draw misleading conclusions about past events. Staff members decided to review identifying details before publishing more images.

Paragraph 2：They also introduced written descriptions for items that could not be reproduced because of privacy or copyright restrictions. This approach provides some educational access without assuming that every original document can be placed online. The museum evaluates whether visitors understand the collections, not simply how many images have been uploaded.

Q9｜指示先を選ぶ

What does ‘this context’ refer to?

• A. The price of the museum’s tickets.
• B. Dates and details about the items’ origins.
• C. The weather when visitors arrived.
• D. The number of people employed by the museum.

Q10｜指示先を選ぶ

What does ‘This approach’ indicate?

• A. Publishing every image without permission.
• B. Deleting all historical records.
• C. Charging more for access to each photograph.
• D. Offering descriptions when full images cannot be shared.

長文6｜舗装工事と透水性の限界

Paragraph 1：An urban district began testing pavement with small openings that allow rainwater to enter the soil. During moderate rainfall, this material may reduce the flow of water into drainage pipes. However, if the ground beneath it is already saturated, little additional water can pass through. Dirt can also collect in the openings over time.

Paragraph 2：To address these limitations, engineers selected trial sites carefully and arranged periodic cleaning. They measured water flow after several storms. The results suggested that the pavement could be useful in certain places, but that its benefits depended on soil conditions and maintenance. Officials therefore resisted a proposal to replace every road with the same material immediately.

Q11｜指示先を選ぶ

What does ‘these limitations’ refer to?

• A. A lack of bicycle parking spaces.
• B. The high cost of public libraries.
• C. Saturated soil and blocked openings that can reduce drainage.
• D. The inability to measure rainfall.

Q12｜指示先を選ぶ

What does ‘its benefits’ refer to?

• A. The possible advantages of permeable pavement.
• B. The benefits of the city’s entire budget.
• C. The results of hiring more teachers.
• D. The advantages of removing drainage pipes.

長文7｜配達の環境負荷と集荷拠点

Paragraph 1：An online retailer is considering changes to its delivery system. One proposal would use collection lockers near railway stations, while another would make more deliveries directly to customers’ homes in the evening. Supporters of the first plan say it could reduce repeated journeys to empty houses. Others argue that the second would be more convenient for people who cannot travel easily.

Paragraph 2：Neither proposal is automatically better in every neighborhood. Collection lockers require space and maintenance, and home delivery routes vary with customer demand. The company is testing both options and asking shoppers about their experiences. It hopes these observations will reveal which services work in different areas rather than simply selecting the most popular idea in advance.

Q13｜指示先を選ぶ

What does ‘the second’ refer to?

• A. Increasing direct evening home deliveries.
• B. Installing collection lockers near stations.
• C. Building more railway stations.
• D. Reducing the number of online orders.

Q14｜指示先を選ぶ

What does ‘these observations’ refer to?

• A. A prediction based only on an advertisement.
• B. A fixed list of railway fares.
• C. The names of customers who complained years ago.
• D. Trial results and feedback from shoppers.

長文8｜非常時の多言語アナウンス

Paragraph 1：Local officials can update emergency warnings quickly through websites and mobile alerts. However, some residents may not have smartphones, while others may receive translated messages whose place names are unclear. To improve communication, one town prepared short multilingual instructions and arranged telephone support during severe storms.

Paragraph 2：Officials also put printed notices in community buildings. They asked volunteers to check whether the wording was understandable, but required all safety information to come from verified public sources. Such a requirement was intended to prevent well-meaning helpers from spreading outdated or incorrect instructions. The town evaluates the system by asking whether residents received and understood the warnings.

Q15｜指示先を選ぶ

What does ‘Such a requirement’ refer to?

• A. Requiring all residents to own smartphones.
• B. Prohibiting printed notices.
• C. Using verified official sources for safety information.
• D. Asking volunteers to invent place names.

Q16｜指示先を選ぶ

What does ‘the system’ in the final sentence refer to?

• A. Only the number of messages typed by volunteers.
• B. The combined warning and support arrangements.
• C. An unrelated ticket-booking platform.
• D. A single translation dictionary.

指示語16問の全解答と本文根拠

問1｜正答 C

正しい指示先：Barriers that remain even after people borrow computers.。本文の根拠：借りた端末だけでは通信・指示の理解を保証できない。

他の候補：A sudden shortage of printed novels.／An increase in the library’s electricity bill.／A ban on downloading information.。指示語が受ける情報を本文から置き換えたとき、主張が自然に通じるか確認します。

問2｜正答 A

正しい指示先：Downloadable forms and guidance sessions.。本文の根拠：直前のprepared downloadable forms / guidance sessions を受ける。

他の候補：The borrowed computers alone.／The internet connection inside every home.／The number of library membership cards.。指示語が受ける情報を本文から置き換えたとき、主張が自然に通じるか確認します。

問3｜正答 B

正しい指示先：Sharing equipment through a tool-lending program.。本文の根拠：前文 tool-lending programs の仕組み。

他の候補：Purchasing new equipment for each household.／Hiring professionals to repair every house.／Replacing ladders with computers.。指示語が受ける情報を本文から置き換えたとき、主張が自然に通じるか確認します。

問4｜正答 D

正しい指示先：Inspections and safe-use demonstrations.。本文の根拠：直前のintroduced inspectionsとoffer demonstrationsを指す。

他の候補：Removing all borrowing rules.／Increasing the sales price of tools.／Canceling the lending service.。指示語が受ける情報を本文から置き換えたとき、主張が自然に通じるか確認します。

問5｜正答 D

正しい指示先：Additional secure bicycle parking.。本文の根拠：first＝bicycle parking、formerは先に列挙された案。

他の候補：A shuttle bus between homes and the station.／A plan to close the train station.／An increase in private car parking.。指示語が受ける情報を本文から置き換えたとき、主張が自然に通じるか確認します。

問6｜正答 B

正しい指示先：A frequent neighborhood shuttle bus.。本文の根拠：second＝shuttle bus、latterは後に列挙された案。

他の候補：Bicycle racks near shops.／The existing train service.／A bicycle-repair class.。指示語が受ける情報を本文から置き換えたとき、主張が自然に通じるか確認します。

問7｜正答 A

正しい指示先：Counts of viewed videos and completed quizzes.。本文の根拠：first evaluation focused on watched videos / quizzes completed。

他の候補：The number of teachers who changed schools.／The cost of replacing every classroom computer.／Students’ final examination scores.。指示語が受ける情報を本文から置き換えたとき、主張が自然に通じるか確認します。

問8｜正答 C

正しい指示先：Adding realistic assignments and expert feedback.。本文の根拠：added practical assignments and feedback。

他の候補：Reducing every course to one video.／Removing all classroom software.／Preventing teachers from completing quizzes.。指示語が受ける情報を本文から置き換えたとき、主張が自然に通じるか確認します。

問9｜正答 B

正しい指示先：Dates and details about the items’ origins.。本文の根拠：dates / owners など資料の背景。

他の候補：The price of the museum’s tickets.／The weather when visitors arrived.／The number of people employed by the museum.。指示語が受ける情報を本文から置き換えたとき、主張が自然に通じるか確認します。

問10｜正答 D

正しい指示先：Offering descriptions when full images cannot be shared.。本文の根拠：written descriptions for restricted items を指す。

他の候補：Publishing every image without permission.／Deleting all historical records.／Charging more for access to each photograph.。指示語が受ける情報を本文から置き換えたとき、主張が自然に通じるか確認します。

問11｜正答 C

正しい指示先：Saturated soil and blocked openings that can reduce drainage.。本文の根拠：前文のsaturated groundとdirt in openingsをまとめる。

他の候補：A lack of bicycle parking spaces.／The high cost of public libraries.／The inability to measure rainfall.。指示語が受ける情報を本文から置き換えたとき、主張が自然に通じるか確認します。

問12｜正答 A

正しい指示先：The possible advantages of permeable pavement.。本文の根拠：pavement can be useful… benefitsの先行対象。

他の候補：The benefits of the city’s entire budget.／The results of hiring more teachers.／The advantages of removing drainage pipes.。指示語が受ける情報を本文から置き換えたとき、主張が自然に通じるか確認します。

問13｜正答 A

正しい指示先：Increasing direct evening home deliveries.。本文の根拠：後者はmore deliveries directly to homes in the evening。

他の候補：Installing collection lockers near stations.／Building more railway stations.／Reducing the number of online orders.。指示語が受ける情報を本文から置き換えたとき、主張が自然に通じるか確認します。

問14｜正答 D

正しい指示先：Trial results and feedback from shoppers.。本文の根拠：testing both options and asking shoppers。

他の候補：A prediction based only on an advertisement.／A fixed list of railway fares.／The names of customers who complained years ago.。指示語が受ける情報を本文から置き換えたとき、主張が自然に通じるか確認します。

問15｜正答 C

正しい指示先：Using verified official sources for safety information.。本文の根拠：required all safety information to come from verified public sources。

他の候補：Requiring all residents to own smartphones.／Prohibiting printed notices.／Asking volunteers to invent place names.。指示語が受ける情報を本文から置き換えたとき、主張が自然に通じるか確認します。

問16｜正答 B

正しい指示先：The combined warning and support arrangements.。本文の根拠：web、電話、印刷掲示、翻訳チェックを組み合わせた伝達方式。

他の候補：Only the number of messages typed by volunteers.／An unrelated ticket-booking platform.／A single translation dictionary.。指示語が受ける情報を本文から置き換えたとき、主張が自然に通じるか確認します。

間違いやすい4パターン

• 名詞が最も近いから選ぶ：this approachが前文全体の対応方法を指す場合を見落とす。
• former / latterを反対に読む：first / secondの順番を書き出して対応。
• this problemを小さい語句だけで捉える：複数の問題をまとめた指示かもしれない。
• 前文の内容を誇張する：指示先を入れてもsome / mayの範囲を変えない。

14日間の復習計画

• 1日目：長文1。this problemとthese servicesが何をまとめているか確認。
• 2日目：長文2。this arrangementとsuch measuresを区別。
• 3日目：長文3。former / latterを順番通りに置き換え。
• 4日目：長文4。these figuresとthis changeの対象を区別。
• 5日目：長文5。this contextとthis approachが異なる内容を受ける点を確認。
• 6日目：長文6。these limitationsとits benefitsの対象を説明。
• 7日目：長文7・8。複数候補の順序と伝達制度全体への参照を確認。
• 8〜10日目：答えを隠して、指示語を元の名詞句・出来事に実際に書き換える。
• 11〜12日目：既存の長文読解教材でthat / these / suchを探し、何を受けるかを説明。
• 13日目：協会の過去問の長文で、指示語の周囲に印を付けずに初見解答。
• 14日目：間違えた指示語の対象を本文に戻し、要約で意味が変わらないか再確認。

関連する慶英会の無料教材

関係詞・倒置・分詞などの構文30文／段落の要旨・結論を読む6長文18問／長文空所6問・内容一致7問。

よくある質問

thisやtheseは必ず直前の名詞を指しますか？

いいえ。前の節や文全体で説明した状況、対応策などをまとめて指す場合もあります。

formerとlatterの違いは？

二つの候補について、formerは先に示したもの、latterは後に示したものを指します。

代名詞の指示先を日本語訳するべきですか？

指示語を元の名詞や出来事に置き換えて内容が自然に通るかを検証することが有効です。

この16問は本番の出題問題数ですか？

いいえ。指示語の理解に特化した慶英会独自問題です。正式な長文の内容一致は7問です。

指示語が分かれば長文の正答を保証できますか？

保証できません。語彙・構文・因果・選択肢との照合も必要です。

英文要約にも役立ちますか？

指示語を具体的な情報へ戻すことで、要約で指示対象を取り違える危険を減らせます。

慶英会の英検準1級・個別学習相談

慶英会では、長文が読めない原因を語彙不足、構文、指示語、段落の論旨、選択肢の誤読に分けて復習します。最大1か月完全無料体験・学習相談で、難しかった英文や現在の英検級をお知らせください。

参考にした主な公式情報

• 日本英語検定協会「準1級の試験内容」：長文空所補充6問・内容一致7問
• 日本英語検定協会「準1級過去問」：正式な長文・選択肢

公式形式確認：2026年10月26日。8本の英文・指示語16問と解説は慶英会独自制作の学習用文章であり、実在団体の実績や英検協会の過去問を報告するものではありません。

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