英検2級include・contain・consist of・be made up ofの違い｜構成・含有を読む独自4長文40問【全訳】

6表現の意味と使い分け

「The box includes A and B」だけではAとB以外がないとは限りません。「The box consists of A and B」は全体の構成を示す表現です。本文でamong other things、complete list、only、allなどの限定表現も確認してください。

長文1｜科学実験キットは何を含むのか｜includeとconsist of

A community science center lends two types of experiment kits to secondary schools. The basic kit consists of a thermometer, a measuring cup, a small scale, and a printed safety guide. These four items are its complete standard contents. Teachers must check all four before returning the kit.

The advanced kit includes a light sensor and a data-recording device, among other materials. The word includes does not give a complete inventory. In addition to those two devices, the advanced kit contains several types of measuring tools and protective equipment. Teachers should consult the official inventory before assuming that an item is available.

The center’s lending service comprises three stages: an online request, a staff confirmation, and a return inspection. Submitting a request does not mean a kit has been reserved. Staff check availability before confirming the loan. After use, the center inspects the equipment for damage.

Last term, staff received 120 requests, approved 90, and completed 78 loans. Those figures describe different stages rather than three alternative counts of the same outcome. The center will compare maintenance costs with completed loans before deciding whether to purchase more kits.

独自内容一致10問

問1：What does the basic kit consist of?

1. Four specified standard items
2. Only a light sensor
3. An unlimited choice of tools
4. Three online forms

問2：What must teachers check before returning the basic kit?

1. Only the thermometer
2. All four standard contents
3. Every item in the advanced kit
4. The cost of a new kit

問3：What does includes imply about the advanced kit’s two named devices?

1. They are its only contents
2. They are not actually available
3. They are examples, not the complete inventory
4. They have been permanently removed

問4：What document should teachers consult for the advanced kit?

1. A bus timetable
2. The center’s opening date
3. An unrelated school newsletter
4. The official inventory

問5：What additional materials are mentioned in the advanced kit?

1. Measuring tools and protective equipment
2. Only printed tickets
3. Personal laptops for every student
4. Museum photographs

問6：How many stages comprise the lending service?

1. Two
2. Three
3. Four
4. Five

問7：What is required before a kit booking becomes confirmed?

1. Completing a report on the experiment
2. Purchasing new equipment
3. Staff checking availability
4. Returning the kit before borrowing it

問8：How many loans were completed last term?

1. 120
2. 90
3. 42
4. 78

問9：Why are 120 requests not the same as 78 loans?

1. They count different stages of the process
2. The kit consists of 120 items
3. Every request was confirmed
4. The center never approved anything

問10：What will managers compare before buying more equipment?

1. The town’s weather and bus routes
2. Maintenance expenses and completed loans
3. The number of protective glasses in every household
4. Only the requests that were rejected

長文2｜図書館の会員特典｜includeとcontainの違い

A town library operates a student membership program. Membership benefits include access to electronic books, study rooms, and educational lectures. These are examples of benefits, not necessarily every service available. The library’s website provides a separate, complete list of benefits and the conditions for using them.

Each newly issued physical welcome pack contains a membership card, a printed map, and a short guide to borrowing rules. Unlike the general statement about membership benefits, this sentence describes the specific objects placed inside the standard pack. The pack does not contain a tablet, and membership does not guarantee that a tablet can be borrowed immediately.

The library’s Saturday training course consists of three sessions: finding information, evaluating sources, and protecting privacy online. Students must attend all three to receive a completion certificate. Attending just the first session does not count as finishing the whole course.

Last month, the library registered 70 new student members. Fifty joined at the service desk, while twenty registered online. These numbers refer to registrations, not to the number of students who later attended the course.

The library is considering adding more online lectures. Staff will review demand and costs first, and no decision about the additional lectures has been approved.

独自内容一致10問

問11：What does the list of membership benefits represent?

1. Examples of benefits rather than a complete list
2. All physical objects inside a welcome pack
3. Every school course session
4. A list of tablet prices

問12：Where can members find the complete benefit list?

1. In the physical welcome pack only
2. On a separate website list
3. In the Saturday course attendance record
4. On the town bus

問13：What does the standard welcome pack contain?

1. A tablet and headphones
2. Three electronic books
3. A card, map, and borrowing guide
4. A library computer and printer

問14：Which item is explicitly not inside the welcome pack?

1. A membership card
2. A printed map
3. A borrowing guide
4. A tablet

問15：Does membership automatically guarantee an immediate tablet loan?

1. No
2. Yes, for every member
3. Yes, with no restrictions
4. Only after one lecture

問16：How many sessions does the Saturday course consist of?

1. Two
2. Three
3. Four
4. Five

問17：What must students do to receive the completion certificate?

1. Attend just the first session
2. Register without attending
3. Attend all three sessions
4. Borrow a tablet

問18：How many students registered at the service desk?

1. 20
2. 70
3. 90
4. 50

問19：How many registered online?

1. 20
2. 50
3. 70
4. 100

問20：What remains undecided?

1. Whether the library has any members
2. Adding further online lectures
3. Whether the Saturday course has three sessions
4. Whether the pack contains a card

長文3｜街の温室の水使用調査｜compriseとbe made up of

A secondary school is studying water use in its greenhouse. The research team is made up of twelve students and two teachers. That statement describes the people who form the team, not the number of samples it collects.

The project comprises four activities: measuring water use, checking soil moisture, recording rainfall, and comparing plant growth. These are the main planned activities. The student report includes photographs of the greenhouse, a table of measurements, and comments about possible errors. Those examples do not prove that the report contains no other pages.

Each measurement record contains a date, a location code, and a water-use figure. When students discover missing information, they mark the record as incomplete rather than invent a value. A record with a date and location but no water-use figure does not meet the stated standard.

In the second week, measured water use was lower than in the first week. However, the second week had more rain, so teachers warned that the decline did not prove students had improved their watering habits. Weather might have affected the result.

The team will repeat measurements during periods with similar weather. It aims to make a careful recommendation, but the school has not promised that this research will automatically reduce every future water bill.

独自内容一致10問

問21：Who makes up the research team?

1. Twelve students and two teachers
2. Four students and twelve teachers
3. Only two students
4. Four measuring devices

問22：What does the team composition describe?

1. The number of water samples
2. The people forming the team
3. The number of greenhouse plants
4. The project’s electricity use

問23：How many main activities comprise the project?

1. Two
2. Three
3. Four
4. Six

問24：Which item is not one of the four named activities?

1. Measuring water use
2. Recording rainfall
3. Checking soil moisture
4. Buying a new school bus

問25：What is true of the report’s listed contents?

1. They are examples and may not be exhaustive
2. They prove every page is listed
3. They exclude all measurements
4. They refer to the team’s membership

問26：Which three pieces belong in a complete measurement record?

1. A photo, teacher name, and grade
2. Date, location code, and water-use figure
3. Only a weather forecast
4. Three personal opinions

問27：How are records with missing figures handled?

1. The students invent a typical value
2. Every record is published as complete
3. The record is marked incomplete
4. The teacher deletes the entire project

問28：Why is the lower second-week water use inconclusive?

1. No measurements were made
2. The greenhouse was closed permanently
3. All plants were removed
4. Rainfall was different

問29：What will the team do next?

1. Repeat measurements in similar weather
2. Stop collecting any information
3. Conclude savings are guaranteed
4. Replace the greenhouse

問30：What does the school avoid promising?

1. That measurements can be recorded
2. That all future water bills will automatically decrease
3. That students are in the team
4. That the project uses four activities

長文4｜文化施設の安全案内と展示構成

A local cultural center has reopened part of an old building for exhibitions and workshops. The building contains several rooms, including a gallery, a craft workshop, and a study space. The word including highlights particular rooms; visitors should consult the floor map for the complete arrangement.

The emergency plan consists of three main steps: follow the staff instructions, move to the designated exit, and gather at the outdoor meeting point. Visitors must follow all three steps when an evacuation is ordered. This is a complete sequence of the plan’s main actions, not a menu from which visitors can select only one.

A special exhibition is composed of two sections. The first explains the history of local pottery; the second displays modern works made by students. Each section contains photographs and explanatory labels. Some pieces are fragile, so visitors may view them but cannot touch them without permission.

The center’s general programs include short lectures and guided tours, among other activities. The center has not announced that these are its only programs. A provisional schedule for new weekend workshops has been published, but dates will become confirmed only after instructors and rooms are available.

Staff will review visitors’ comments and maintenance costs before deciding whether to open the remaining part of the building. No permanent expansion has yet been approved.

独自内容一致10問

問31：What does including indicate about the three room names?

1. They are examples, not necessarily all rooms
2. They form the emergency steps
3. They are the only items in the building
4. They are all permanently closed

問32：What should visitors consult for all room locations?

1. The school exam schedule
2. The floor map
3. The emergency exit ticket
4. A local bus receipt

問33：How many main steps does the emergency plan consist of?

1. One
2. Two
3. Three
4. Four

問34：Must visitors follow all three steps during an evacuation?

1. No, choose one freely
2. Only if they are staff members
3. Only for guided tours
4. Yes

問35：How many sections compose the special exhibition?

1. Two
2. Three
3. Four
4. Five

問36：What does the first exhibition section explain?

1. New bus regulations
2. Local pottery history
3. The center’s annual budget
4. Water treatment

問37：What does each exhibition section contain?

1. Only old tickets
2. Only computers
3. Photographs and labels
4. School uniforms

問38：What may visitors not do without permission?

1. Read exhibit descriptions
2. View student artworks
3. Look at the floor map
4. Touch fragile displays

問39：What is the status of the new workshop schedule?

1. Provisional, pending staff and room availability
2. Guaranteed for every weekend
3. Canceled permanently
4. Already completed

問40：What has not been approved?

1. Collecting visitor feedback
2. Permanent expansion to the rest of the building
3. Giving guided tours
4. Maintaining the building

全40問の解答一覧

長文1：1A／2B／3C／4D／5A／6B／7C／8D／9A／10B

長文2：11A／12B／13C／14D／15A／16B／17C／18D／19A／20B

長文3：21A／22B／23C／24D／25A／26B／27C／28D／29A／30B

長文4：31A／32B／33C／34D／35A／36B／37C／38D／39A／40B

自力で行う7日間の復習

初日：全40問を解く。2日目：includeとconsist of、3日目：containとbe made up of、4日目：compriseとbe composed of、5日目：申請数と実貸出など数字の対応、6日目：自分で例文を6本作る、7日目：誤答を解き直します。

FAQ

includeを見たら列挙は必ず一部ですか？

いいえ。include自体は含まれる項目を示す語で、文脈によって列挙が全項目の場合もあります。complete list、onlyなどを併せて確認します。

consist ofとbe made up ofは同じですか？

どちらも構成要素を表す場合があります。目的語が何を表しているか、全体と部分の関係を確認してください。

containとincludeの違いは何ですか？

containは容器や記録の中身を指す場合に自然で、includeは構成・特典など広い列挙にも使います。実際には重なる用法があります。

英検協会の公式問題ですか？

いいえ。慶英会独自の練習教材です。

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参考にした公式情報

日本英語検定協会・英検2級試験内容。本教材の例文・問題・和訳はすべて慶英会が独自作成しました。